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ANNALS

or THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME VI

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME VI

W O O O

e ;L_E=:,

PRINTED FOR THE

TEUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM

BY WEST, NEWMAN & Co., LONDON

1908-1910

TEUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM.

The Eight Hon. JOHN XAVIER MERRIMAN, M.H.A.

THOMAS MUIR, C.M.G., LL.D., M.A., F.E.S., F.R.S.E., Superintendent-General

of Education.
H. BOLUS, D.Sc., F.L.S.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM.

Louis ALBERT PERINGUEY, D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Director.

JOHN Dow FISHER GILCHRIST, D.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., Keeper of Marine Invertebrates

and Fishes.
WILLIAM FREDERICK PURCELL, B.A., Ph.D., Keeper of Land Invertebrates, except

Insects.
ARTHUR WILLIAM EOGERS, D.Sc., F.G.S., Keeper of the Geological and Minera-

logical Collections.

EGBERT BROOM, D.Sc., M.D., Keeper of the Palfeontological Collections.
HENRY HAROLD WELCH PEARSON, D.Sc., F.L.S. , Keeper of the Botanical Collections.
E. P. PHILLIPS, M.A., Assistant in Charge of the Herbarium.
A. E. WALKER, B.Sc., A.E.C.S., Assistant in Charge of the Geological-Mineralogical

Collections.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE
J. D. F. GlLCHRIST.

On Two New Species of Ptychodera (P. proliferans and P. natalensis) . . 207

J. D. F GILCHRIST and \V. WARDLAW-THOMPSON.

The Blenniidae of South Africa 97

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. Part 1 145

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. Part II 213

T. K. R. STEBBING.

South African Crustacea. Part IV. Plates I.-XIV 1

General Catalogue of South African Crustacea. Part V. Plates XV.-

XXII. 281

LIST OF NEW GENERIC NAMES
INTRODUCED IN THIS VOLUME.

PAGE

Die, n. g., LampropidsB (Crustacea), Steb 415

Nasinatalis, n. g., Raninidfe (Crustacea), Steb 310

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE
I.

II. |
III.)

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV. {

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX. I
XXI.
XXII. j

Mamaia queketti, n. sp.
Charybdis natator, Herbst.

Scyllarides elizabethas, Ortmann.
Conilorpheus scutifrons, n. sp.
Antarcturus kladophorus, n. sp.
Bathygygo grandis, Han-sen.
Trischizostoma remipes, n. sp.
Tryphosa onconotus, n. sp.
Byblis anisuropus, n. sp.
Pontharpinia stimpsoni, n. sp.
Tiron australis, n. sp.
Elasmopoides cbevreuxi, n. g. et sp.
Eurystheus holmesi, n. sp.
Eurystheus atlanticus, St ebbing.
Hexapus sexpes, Fabricius.
Nasinatalis disjunctipes, n. g. et sp.
Parapagurus bouvieri, n. sp.
Iphinoe zimmeri, n. sp.
Iphinoe crassipes, Hansen.
Paramunna lasvifrons, n. sp.
Die calmani, n. g. et sp.
Die calmani, n. g. et sp.
Metaprotella makrodactylos, n. sp.
Caprella triodous, n. sp.

DATE OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS.

Part 1, April 2, 1908.
Part 2, December 31, 1908.
Part 3, September 30, 1909.
Part 4, December 15, 1910.

37218

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFEICAN MUSEUM.

(VOL. VI.)

I. South African Crustacea (Part IV. :;: ). By the Eev. THOMAS
E. E. STEBBING, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

THE scope of the present contribution is enlarged by including
several species of Amphipoda a group of which very few members
have been hitherto recorded from South African waters. Seven
of the species now noticed claim to be new, one of them even
demanding the institution of a new genus. But, as in many other
groups of Crustacea, so in this, the novelty of the characters is less
striking than the close general relationship between the forms found
here and others earlier known and described from many very remote
localities. In regard to the new species of the curious genus
Trischizostoma, it is desirable to call attention to the important
contemporary discussion of that genus by Mrs. E. W. Sexton,
working at the Plymouth Laboratory. As an example of widely
ranging genera the coincidence may be noted that the description
of the remarkable prawn, Leontocaris paulsoni, from the Cape, had
only been a few months published in Part III. of this series when
Mr. Stanley W. Kemp was able to announce a second species of
this highly specialised genus from the west coast of Ireland, taken
at a depth of 500 fathoms in lat. 53 N., outside the " Porcupine
Bank."

Besides the numerous specimens due to Dr. Gilchrist's "Marine
Investigations," the present report deals with a large collection sub-
mitted to me from the Durban Museum. When sending this valuable

* The other three Parts have been published in " Marine Investigations in
South Africa."

1

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

consignment, Mr. J. F. Quekett wrote, saying, " The spirit specimens
are from Durban, except two from Algoa Bay, which are so marked.
The dried specimens are mostly from Agulhas Bank, Cape Colony,
but the Mantis shrimps are from here." There is, therefore, some
vagueness in regard to the place of origin of the dried specimens.
It has not appeared necessary to mention them all on the present
occasion. Also some Penseidea and Caridea have been left over for
future consideration. The collection furnishes an interesting new
species of the genus Mamaia ; this again showing close relationship
to European and Japanese kindred. When its description and
illustration were already in the hands of the printer, a second and
in some respects finer specimen was sent me by Mr. F. W.
FitzSimons, Director of the Port Elizabeth Museum. This and a
fresh example of another interesting species from the same source
and locality will be further noticed in their turn.

Along with two new species of Isopoda the report discusses in
various groups some established species on which it appeared that
fresh light could be thrown or desired. In the Palaemonidse the new
generic name Macroterocheir is proposed in place of what seems to
be the illegitimate use of the term Macrobrachium. The name
Squilla oratoria, de Haan, is upheld as prior to Berthold's S. affinis.
Lastly, it should be noted that some references are given to William
Stimpson's report on the Brachyura and Anomura collected by the
North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856. Stimpson died in
1872, pathetically believing that his manuscript and drawings for
that work had been destroyed in the great fire at Chicago during
the preceding year. His report, however, was subsequently found
to be safe at the Navy Department, and was transferred to the
Smithsonian Institution, which has now earned the thanks of the
scientific world by publishing it under the able editorship of Miss
M. J. Eathbun.

BRACHYURA GENUINA.
OXYRRHYNCHA.

FAMILY MAMAIID^.

1905. Mamaiida, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 3, p. 22, and Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. xviii., p. 157.

In the restricted sense this family corresponds with Alcock's
sub-family Maiinse.

South African Crustacea. 3

GEN. MAMAIA, Stebbing.

1905. Mamaia, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 3, p. 23, and Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. xviii., p. 157.

Under tbe above references the reasons for discarding the long-
accepted generic name Maia and accepting the new form Mamaia
are discussed at length. Under the old name an excellent definition
of the genus is supplied by Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. Ixiv., pt. 2, pp. 237, 238, 1895, and Deep-sea Brachyura of the
Investigator, p. 55, 1899.

MAMAIA QUEKETTI, n. sp.
Plate XXVII.

This species appears to make a near approach to the rare form
named Maja (Maja) spinigera by de Haan (Crust. Japon., decas
quarta, p. 93, 1839 ; pi. 24, fig. 4, Pisa (Paramaya) spinigera, 1837 ;
and M. (Maja) spinig., Errata, p. 244, 1849). It differs in that the
frontal spines are more divergent, and instead of one-fourth the
length of the rest of the carapace only between a fifth and a sixth
of that length. The lateral spines are also less than a fourth of the
length named. In the middle line of the carapace there is a longi-
tudinal series of conspicuous spines, three before the middle and
three behind it, with a little transverse pair between the last two,
whereas in de Haan's species there are in this series only two spines
instead of five behind the middle. Moreover, in the present species
at the middle there is a stout bifid spine, with apices placed trans-
versely, of which there is no hint in de Haan's figure or description.
The transverse pair of spines on the posterior margin of the cara-
pace are here smaller and wider apart than those shown in de Haan's
figure. The oblique set of spines on the branchial regions are also
somewhat differently arranged.

The chelipeds of de Haan's species in the male are described by
Ortmann (Zool. Jahrb., vol. vii., p. 51, 1893) as longer than the
cephalothorax, palm flattened, otherwise formed as in the female.
In the present species, represented only by the male sex, the
chelipeds are stouter than the next limbs and as long ; they have
the elongate hand and fingers quite smooth, but the two preceding
joints conspicuously roughened with lines of tubercles, not smooth
as in de Haan's female specimen.

The conspicuous spine at the distal end of the nierus or fourth
joint in all the walking legs, clearly shown in de Haan's figure, and

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

described both by him and by Alcock, is not found in the African
specimen.

There are numerous groups of curved setae on the frontal horns
and in two lines to the middle of the carapace, thence diverging to
the branchial regions. Many also are conspicuous at the bases
of the lateral spines and about the walking legs, only leaving the
dark ungues uncovered.

The length of the carapace is 100 mm., of which a straight line
between the frontal horns measures 15 mm., the inner side of the
horn being 18 mm. in length. The extreme breadth of the carapace
is 85 mm., or 69 mm. without the projecting lateral spines.

Locality. Durban. The specimen from the Durban Museum was
entrusted to me by the curator, J. F. Quekett, Esq., out of respect
to whom the specific name is given.

Locality. Port Elizabeth. The specimen received from Mr.
FitzSimons under the circumstances above mentioned, has a cara-
pace 130 mm. long, allowing 5 mm. for the broken tip of the least
damaged frontal horn. The extreme breadth is 105 mm., or 90 mm.
not including the lateral spines. The right cheliped measures
150 mm., of which 35 belong to the fifth joint, and 55 to the hand
and fingers. Between these fingers when closed there is proximally
a prolonged and rather conspicuous gap. In this specimen it is easy
to see how strongly the orbits are excavated backwards. The eye-
stalks appear to be more strongly curved than in Mamaia squinado.
They are rather bulbous at the base, but then narrow, with the
visual area narrowly oval. The stout bifid spine at the centre of
the carapace might in this example equally well be described as a
closely contiguous pair of transversely placed spines. They are very
prominent. In the other specimen unfortunately the bird's-eye
view taken by the camera does not at all clearly show these sharp
projections.

GEN. PLATYMAIA, Miers.

PLATYMAIA WYVILLE-THOMSONI, Miers.

1886. Platymaia ivyville-thomsoni, Miers, Challenger Brachyura,

Eeports, vol. xvii., p. 13, pi. 2, fig. 1.

1902. Platymaia turbynei, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 2, p. 3, pi. 5.
1904. Platymaia ivyville-thomsoni, Doflein, Valdivia Brachyura,
p. 89, pis. 2, 20-23, &c.

It is desirable here to call attention, not only to Herr Doflein's
identification of P. turbynei with the species named by Miers, but
also to the very elaborate and valuable study of the species in the
Brachyura of the Valdivia expedition.

South African Crustacea. 5

FAMILY BLASTED^.

1902. Blastidce, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 2, p. 2.
1905. Blastida;, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 3, pp. 22, 25.

For Alcock's equivalent sub-family Pisinae see Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. Ixiv., pt. 2, pp. 160, 165, 200, 1895, and Deep-sea
Brachyura of the Investigator, p. 49, 1899.

GEN. HALIMUS, Latreille.

1829. Halimus, Latreille, Eegne Animal, 6d. 2, vol. iv., p. 60.
1831. Halimus, Latreille, Cours d'Entomologie, p. 362.
1834 (or earlier). Halimus, Guerin, Iconograpbie, Crust., pi. 9, fig. 2.
1834. Halimus, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. i., p. 340.
1895. Hyastenus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixiv., pt. 2,

pp. 200, 206.
1897. Halimus, M. J. Eatbbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

vol. xi., p. 157.
1904. Hyastenus, Doflein, Valdivia Brachyura, p. 85.

Miss Eathbun has explained that when Latreille defined this
genus he did not name the species belonging to it. Gue'rin, who
is quoted by Milne-Edwards in 1834, assigned to the genus the
single species Halimus aries, Latreille, which must therefore be
regarded as the type, since there was at the time no competitor
in the field. Milne-Edwards assigned to the genus the additional
species H. auritus (Latreille). Unluckily the first species was
included in White's genus Hyastenus, 1847, thus constituting
Hyastenus a synonym of Halimus.

The points on which Latreille relied for defining his genus were
that the ocular peduncles, though short, are always exposed, and
that the second antennas have the third joint of the peduncle at
least as long as the preceding joint, and carrying a long setaceous
flagellum. He considered the genus to be near Micippe, Leach, and
discusses it between Leach's genera Camposcia and Hyas.

For the modern definition see the references to Hyastenus,
Alcock.

HALIMUS DIACANTHUS (de Haan).
1839. Pisa (Naxia) diacantha, de Haan, Crust. Japon.,decas quarta,

p. 96, pi. 24, fig. 1 (1838), and pi. G.
1895. Hyastenus diacanthus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

vol. Ixiv., pt. 2, pp. 208, 210.

6 Annals of the South African Museum.

1902. Halimus diacanthus, M. J. Eathbun, U.S. Nat. Mus.,

vol. xxvi., p. 29.

1903. Hyastenus diacanthus, Nobili, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,

vol. xviii., N. 455, p. 27.

The synonymy of the species down to 1895 is supplied in the
reference to Alcock, the transference to Hyastenus commencing
with A. Milne-Edwards in 1872. The distribution of the uncinate
setae is discussed by C. W. S. Aurivillius in his treatise on the
masking habits of the Oxyrrhyncha, p. 51, pi. 2, fig. 5, 1889. Among
the numerous Indian species Alcock distinguishes the present one
as belonging to a group in which the carapace when denuded is
smooth and polished, with a few large spines ; in common with
H. spinosus, A. Milne-Edwards, it has the " carapace triangular,
with a large epibranchial spine and at least one large subhepatic
tubercle on either side," and is distinguished from the species men-
tioned by having a single acuminate tubercle in the middle line on
the gastric region, and none on the intestinal, whereas H. spinosus
has " a large intestinal and two large gastric spines in the middle
line."

The specimen from Durban agrees with the description of
H. spinosus, in that the gastric hump has two spines in the
middle line and that there is a spine on the intestinal hump,
but they are of insignificant size, the hinder one on the gastric
region being hidden in the fur and scarcely even palpable. They
do not seem characters sufficient for bestowing specific rank. The
carapace, including the straight divergent horns, is 80 mm. long,
and, including the lateral epibranchial spines, its breadth is 48 mm.
The length of a horn on the free inner margin is 25 mm. The
specimen is a female, and the slender chelipeds are considerably
shorter than the next peraeopods.

CYCLOMETOPA.

FAMILY XANTHID^.

1898. Xanthidce, (part), Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixvii.,

pt. 2, pp. 67, 69.
1898. Xanthince (sub-fam.), Alcock, loc. cit., p. 77.

Alcock defines his family Xanthidae as one " in which the fold of
the antennules is transverse or obliquely transverse, and the anterior
boundary of the buccal cavern is raised and sharply defined, so that
the external maxillipeds commonly shut close against it unless they

South African Crustacea. 7

fall short of it." He divides it into three sub-families Xanthinae,
Actaeinae, and Chlorodinae which I prefer to treat as families,
accepting for the first the name Xanthidae in a restricted sense.
For this Alcock's definition is : " Carapace usually much broader
than long, usually transversely oval, sometimes transversely hexa-
gonal. The front is contained from 3i to 5| times in the greatest
breadth of the carapace."

It is subdivided into six so-called alliances, the fourth of which,
called Xanthoida, contains among others the typical genus Xantho,
Leach, followed by Leptodius, which is presently reduced to a
sub-genus of Xantho.

The remarks made by Miers in his Alert and Challenger
reports on the species which have been referred to Leptodius, A.
Milne-Edwards, 1863, will incline many to agree with Dr. Ortmann,
when he says (Zool. Jahrb., vol. vii., p. 443, 1893) : " I am unable
sharply to distinguish the three genera Xantho, Xanthodes, and
Leptodius." The last is chiefly distinguished by the spoon-shaped
tips to the chelipeds. But Ortmann observes that a typical Xantho
(rivulosus) has them, and Alcock remarks that in Leptodius crassi-
manus the spooning of the figures is indistinct. The latter species
is, perhaps for that reason, referred to Xantlio by Miss Rathbun
in 1906.

GEN. XANTHO, Leach.

1814. Xantho, Leach, Edinburgh Encycl., vol. vii., p. 430.
1898. Xantho, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixvii., pt. 2,
p. 112 (including Leptodius).

XANTHO HYDROPHILUS (Herbst).

1790. Cancer hydrophilus, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse,

vol. i., pt. 8, p. 266, pi. 21, fig. 124.
1801. Cancer Eudora, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. iii.,

pt. 2, p. 10, pi. 51, fig. 1.
1826? Cancer incequalis, Audouin, Savigny's Crust. Egypte, pi. 5,

fig. 7.
1834. Chlorodius exaratus, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. i.,

p. 402.

1834. [?] Chlorodius eudorus, Milne-Edwards, loc. cit., p. 402.

1835. Cancer (Xantho) affinis, de Haan, Crust. Japon., decas secunda,

p. 48, pi. 13, fig. 8 (f. 6 in text).
1843. Xantho affinis, Krauss, Siidafrik. Crust., p. 30.

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

1868. Leptodius exaratus, A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.,

vol. iv., p. 71.

1884. Leptodiits exaratus, Miers, Crust. H.M.S. Alert, p. 214.
1886. Leptodius exaratus, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, Reports,

vol. xvii., p. 137.
1893. Xantho exaratus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vii., p. 445.

1898. Xantho (Leptodius) exaratus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

vol. Ixvii., pt. 2, p. 118.

1906. Leptodius exaratus, M. J. Eathbun, U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1903,
pt. 3, p. 847.

1906. Leptodius exaratus, Nobili, Bull. Sci. France-Belgique, vol. xl.,

p. 121.

1907. Chlorodius exaratus, Stimpson, North Pacific Expl. Exp.

1853-56, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. xlix., p. 52, pi. 6,
figs. 3-4, 6-9 (posthumous publication).

A full synonymy of this species from Audouin down to 1898 is
supplied under the reference to Alcock, apart from some of the
names which Miers gives in his Challenger report as possibly
only varieties, and not including Xantho rivulosus (Eisso), Milne-
Edwards, of which Bell (Brit. Stalk-eyed Crust., p. 55, 1853) says,
" There can be no doubt that this is the Cancer liydrophihcs of
Herbst."

The Durban specimen corresponds with Alcock's description,
having " front not very prominent, but projecting beyond the inner
angle of the orbit, from which it is separated by a notch ; bilaminar,
the lobes cut square, but with a slightly concave margin." The
fingers of the chelipeds are black ; those of the walking legs are
granular, furred along both edges as far as the claw.

The specimen, a male, has the carapace 22 mm. long by 30 mm.
broad.

A long discussion of this species, with nine named varieties, by
the distinguished carcinologist, William Stimpson, appears in the
work which, as already mentioned, has just been published by the
Smithsonian Institution thirty-five years after its author's death.

FAMILY POBTUNHLE.

1899. Portunidce, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixviii., pt. 2,

pp. 4, 5.

Alcock divides the family into four sub-families, of which the first,
called Lupinae, is thus defined : " The chelipeds are longer, usually

South African Crustacea. 9

much longer, than any of the legs, the first three pairs of which have
a tendency to be slender and the last pair of which end in typical
swimming-paddles ; the antero-lateral borders of the carapace are
cut into from 5 (very rarely 4) to 9 distinct teeth. The carapace
may be subrotund, but it is usually conspicuously broad."

The sub-family is subdivided into three alliances Lupoida,
Podophthalmoida, and Lupocycloida the first of which includes,
among others, the genera with which we are here concerned.

GEN. CHAEYBDIS, de Haan.

1902. Chary bdis, Stebbing, South African Crustacea, pt. 2, p. 9.
The synonymy has been already given under the reference cited.

CHARYBDIS NATATOR (Herbst).
Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.

1794. Cancer natator, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. ii.,
pt. 5, p. 156, pi. 40, fig. 1.

1834. Thalamita natator, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. i.,

p. 463, pi. 17, figs. 13, 14.

1835. Portunus (Charybdis) granulatus, de Haan, Crust. Japon.,

decas secunda, p. 42, pi. 1, fig. 1.

1843. Charybdis granulatus, Krauss, Siidafrik. Crust., p. 24.
1899. Charybdis (Goniosoma) natator, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal, vol. Ixviii., pt. 2, pp. 50, 61.
1907. Charybdis natator, M. J. Eathbun, notes to Stimpson's

North Pacific Crust., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. xlix.,

p. 82.

Under the last reference but one will be found a full synonymy of
the species to date, and a description with which the specimen from
the Durban Museum seems fully to agree, except in a single par-
ticular, probably connected with the exceptional size of the example
captured at Durban. Alcock states that the fingers of the chelipeds
are about as long as the hand, and says with regard to eleven
specimens in the Indian Museum that in the largest specimens the
carapace is about 70 mm. long and about 100 mm. broad. Our
specimen is 80 mm. long and 113 mm. broad. The hand measured
along the lower margin is 133 mm. in length, of which 58 mm.
belongs to the thumb, leaving 75 mm. for the palm. On the upper
margin the palm is only 60 mm. long, and the movable finger is
63 mm., but in general effect the palm of this specimen might be

10 Annals of the South African Museum.

\

regarded as decidedly longer than the fingers. The transverse
granulation along the lower surface of the hand is a very notable
character.

CHAEYBDIS SEXDENTATA (Herbst).

1783. Cancer sexdentatus, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. i.,
pts. 2-5, p. 153, pi. 7, fig. 52 (not pi. 8, fig. 53).

1798. Portumts annulatus, Fabricius, Supplern. Ent. Syst., p. 364.

1899. Charybdis (Goniosoma) annulata, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. Ixviii., pt. 2, pp. 49, 54.

The synonymy of this species, not unattended by doubts, is
supplied with Alcock's usual care in the place above cited. But he
does not include Talamita sexdentata, Ruppell, Krabben des Eothen
Meeres, p. 4 (Thalamita, p. 28), pi. 1, fig. 1, 1830, nor Portunus
(Charybdis) 6-dentatus, de Haan, Crust. Japonica, decas secunda,
p. 41, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1835. In his key to the Indian species of
Charybdis the present species, in common with C. cruciatus, belongs
to a group in which " the antennal flagellum is completely excluded
from the orbital hiatus ; the ridge that bounds the dorsum of the
carapace posteriorly forms a curve with the postero-lateral borders ;
no spine on posterior border of arm." Furthermore, these two and
some other species have " no distinct transverse ridges on the cara-
pace behind the level of the last spine of the antero-latei*al borders,"
not more than three large spines on the anterior border of the arm ;
the orbits have no decided dorsal inclination and their major diameter
is never more than one-third the width of the interorbital space.
But whereas in C. cruciatus the first spine of the antero-lateral
border is anteriorly truncated and notched, in the present species
it is acute, and here the sixth pleon segment of the male has the
sides parallel, not, as in the other species, convergent.

From other species with which this is perplexingly surrounded it
appears to be sundered by the comparative sharpness of the frontal
teeth, the comparative smallness of the last antero-lateral tooth, the
character of the last peraeopods, which have the merus or fourth
joint nearly twice as long as broad and the hind margin of the
propodite or sixth joint serrated in a large part of its extent. The
sixth pleon segment is not quite so long as broad. According to
Alcock " the major diameter of the orbit is only a fourth the width
of the interorbital space." This appears to suit our specimens, but
I am not quite clear as to how the measurements are taken.

The male specimen from the Durban Museum has a carapace

South African Crustacea. 11

45 mm. long by 63 mm. broad. In the female the carapace is

40 mm. long by 55 mm. broad. Another female, with carapace

41 mm. by 48 mm., has the two middle frontal teeth blunt, more
advanced than their neighbours. Herbst's Cancer fasciatus, on his
pi. 49, fig. 5, might well have been drawn from such a specimen
as this.

Alcock ends his account of the species by saying: "But for high
contrary authority, I should consider this species to be identical with
the Cancer sexdentatus of Herbst's pi. 7, fig. 52." He gives Cancer
fasciatus, Herbst, vol. iii., pt. 1, p. 62, pi. 49, fig. 5 (1799) as a very
doubtful synonym, subsequently referring it by preference to Charybdis
(Goniosoma) mergitiensis, de Man. Those who wish further to under-
stand the difficulties of identification should study Dr. de Man's
chapter on " Goniosoma merguiense, n. sp.," in the J. Linn. Soc.
London, Zool., vol. xxii., p. 82, 1888.

Since the above account was written, Stimpson's report on North
Pacific Crustacea has appeared. At p. 81 it records from Hong
Kong Charybdis sexdentata (Herbst) de Haan, with references to the
sexdentatus or sexdentata of Herbst, Eiippell, and de Haan. Miss
M. J. Eathbun, the editor, gives in a footnote as the correct name
of the species Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards), without
further explanation. In part 2, p. 10, of the present series I have
already explained that Henri Milne-Edwards, in his Hist. Nat.
Crust., vol. i., p. 463, 1834, under his Thalamita annulata (Fabricius),
has erroneously quoted Cancer sexdentatus, Forsk. , as a synonym of
Portunus anmdatus, Fabricius, although Forskal did not name any
Cancer sexdentatus, Herbst's species of that name being the true
predecessor of Charybdis annulata (Fabricius).

GEN. LUPA, Leach.

1813. Lupa, Leach, Edinb. Encycl., vol. vii., p. 390.
1897. Portunus, M. J. Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi.,

pp. 155, 160.

1902. Lupa, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 2, p. 11.
1907. Portunus, M. J. Bathbun, notes to Stimpson's North Pacific

Crust., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. xlix., p. 76.

I feel bound to reiterate my protest against my friend's use of the
name Portunus, based on Latreille's supposed restriction of that
genus in 1810, when he mentioned P. pelagicus as a typical species
of it. Lamarck in 1801, Syst. Anim. sans Vert., p. 151, mentions
by name only P. depurator, Fab., which, on Miss Rathbun's principle,
may therefore claim to be the typical species, although no doubt

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

Lamarck gives references to others. But Latreille himself in 1802,
Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. iii., p. 23, defines Portunus, with
"Exemple. Portunus depurator, Fab.," and without mention of any
other species. Judging by his later writings, I cannot suppose that
either in 1802 or 1810 he had any intention to restrict the genus
when naming an "exemple" or "type." But if he did it accidentally,
surely the accident happened in 1802, and made P. depurator the
typical species. In his Cours d'Entomologie, pp. 349, 350, in 1831
Latreille's references to Portunus piiber and Lupa pelagica make it
clear that he was himself unaware of having done anything to make
the latter species a Portunus in preference to the former.

LUPA PELAGICA (Linn.).

1758. Cancer pelagicus, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 626.
1798. Portunus pelagicus, Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 367.
1813. Lupa pelagica, Leach, Edinb. Encycl., vol. vii., p. 390.
1899. Neptunus pelagicus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

vol. IxviiL, pt. 2, p. 34.
1907. Portunus pelagicus, M. J. Eathbun, notes to Stimpson's North

Pacific Crust., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. xlix., p. 76.

A dry specimen of this well-known species from the Durban
Museum measured 150 mm. in extreme breadth of the carapace.

CATOMETOPA.

FAMILY GEAPSID^.

1900. Grapsidce, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixix., pt. 2,
pp. 283, 389.

GEN. GEAPSUS, Lamarck.

1801. Grapsus, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans vertebres, p. 150.
1900. Grapsus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixix., pt. 2,
pp. 389, 390.

Lamarck's original definition of the genus is : " Pour antennae,
short, articulated, concealed beneath the carapace. The eyes at
the angles of the carapace, with short peduncles. Body depressed,
almost square, carapace transverse, deflexed in front. Ten feet,
unguiculate : the anterior pair chelate." He bases it upon Cancer
grapsus, Linn., for which he substitutes the new designation Grapsus

South African Crustacea. 13

pictus. He gives after the Linnean name references to Petiver,
Catesby, and Herbst, and adds to the synonymy " Cancer tenui-
crustatus, Herbst, Cancr. 2, p. 113, t. 33, 34, with a reference to
Seba. He includes as a second species in the genus " Grapsus
depressus, n., Herbst, t. 3, f. 35, a. b.," since referred to Plagusia.
In his key to the Indian genera of Grapsidse, Alcock distinguishes
Grapsus and Geograpsus as having the front less than half the greatest
breadth of the carapace, while it is more than half that breadth in
Metopograpsus and Pocky grapsus. In the definition of Grapsus,
however, he speaks of the front as " about half the breadth of the
anterior border of the carapace." In a dried specimen of G. strigosus
from the Durban Museum the front is somewhat more than half the
greatest breadth of the carapace.

GRAPSUS STRIGOSUS (Herbst).

1799. Cancer strigosus, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. iii.

pt. 1, p. 55, pi. 47, fig. 7.

1802. Grapsus strigosus, Bosc, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. i., p. 203.
1838. Goniopsis strigosa, M c Leay, Illustrations Zool. South Africa

p. 66.

1838. Goniopsis flavipes, M c Leay, loc. cit., p. 66.
1843. Goniopsis strigosa, Krauss, Siidafrik. Crust., p. 46.
1900. Grapsus strigosus, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixix.,

pt. 2, p. 393.
1907. Grapsus strigosus, Stimpson, North Pacific Crust., Smithsonian

Misc. Coll., vol. xlix., p. 118.

The dried specimen already referred to has a carapace 28 mm.
long and 30 mm. broad. The largest of 76 specimens observed by
Alcock measured 59 mm. in length by 63 mm. in breadth.

Concerning G. flavipes, M c Leay, Krauss says that it is only
distinguished by blood-red bands, and otherwise entirely agrees
with the description of G. strigosus, in company with which it is

found.

The Durban Museum specimen agrees in the colouring of the
walking legs with Herbst's figure. In the chelipeds the tooth at
the inner angle of the wrist is straight, in accordance with Alcock's
description.

Miss Eathbun, in notes to Stimpson (loc. cit., p. 119), makes
Stimpson's Grapsus longipes a synonym of G. strigosus, to which
Stimpson himself admitted that it was closely allied.

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

FAMILY GECAKCINLD^E.

1900. GeocarcinidcB, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixix.,
pt. 2, pp. 283, 440.

The primary genus of this family is Leach's Gecarcinus, not, as the
name is sometimes printed, Geocarcimis.

GEN. CAEDISOMA, Latreille.

1825. Cardisoma, Latreille, Encycl. Meth., vol. x., p. 685.
1900. Cardiosoma, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixix.,
pt. 2, p. 444.

CARDISOMA CARNIFEX (Herbst).
1796. Cancer carnifex, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. ii.,

pt. 6, p. 163, pi. 41, fig. 1.
1825. Cardisoma carnifex, Latreille, Encycl. Meth., vol. x.,

p. 685.
1900. Cardiosoma carnifex, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

vol. Ixix., pt. 2, p. 445.
1906. Cardiosoma carnifex, Nobili, Bull. Sci. France-Belgique, vol.

xl, p. 156.

On this species Alcock (loc. cit.) gives a fund of valuable informa-
tion. In the ample synonymy he includes Cancer hydromus [err. for
hydrodromus] , Herbst, with a reference to Herbst's work, imme-
diately following that for C. carnifex, namely, p. 164, pi. 41, fig. 2.
But according to Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., p. 302, 1897, the
species in question should be called Potamon hydrodromum, and
Miss M. J. Rathbun in her fine Monograph of the Potamonidse,
Nouv. Arch, du Museum, vol. vi., p. 287, 1904, gives the name as
Potamon (Potamon) liydrodromus (Herbst), with a full synonymy
which appears to be conclusive. In 1894 Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.,
vol. vii., p. 735, gives the species Cardisoma guanhumi, Latreille, with
carnifex (Herbst) as a variety. But, if the two forms are specifically
identical, it is Latreille's guanhumi that must take the subordinate
position, since the employment of the name by the Marcgrave de
Liebstad in 1648, being pre-Linnean, does not count in a question
of priority. The carapace of the dried specimen from the Durban
Museum is 70 mm. in greatest breadth, with a length of 65 mm.
The specimen is a female, with the right cheliped much larger than
the left.

South African Crustacea. 15

OXYSTOMATA.

1841. Oxystomata, de Haan, Crust. Japonica, decas quinta,

p. 111.
1896. Oxystoma, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv., pt. 2,

p. 135.
1902. Oxystomata, Stebbing, South African Crustacea, pt. 2, p. 16.

FAMILY EANINID^.

1896. Raninidce, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv., pt. 2,
pp. 136, 288.

Alcock characterises the family as follows : " Carapace remarkably
elongate, but not covering the abdominal terga, the first four or five
of which lie exposed in the dorsal plane of the body. The last pair
of legs also is raised in the dorsal plane of the body. The antennae
are large. The antennules also are large, and do not fold into
fossettes. The vasa deferentia protrude through the bases of the
fifth pair of legs ; the oviducts pierce the bases of the third -pair of
legs. The sternum is broad anteriorly, very narrow or linear
posteriorly. The afferent branchial openings are not found in front
of the bases of the chelipeds, and afferent currents probably reach
the branchial chamber between the posterior border of the carapace
and the bases of the last pair of legs. The external maxillipeds
completely cover the buccal cavern, and their palp is concealed in
repose : their exopodite is but little longer than the ischium. The
branchiae are less than nine in number on either side."

GEN. EANINA, Lamarck.
1801. Ranina, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans vertebres, p. 156.

Lamarck includes the genus in his section Cancri Macrouri. He
defines it as having " Four short antennae : the inner pair with the
last joint bifid. The body oblong, wedge-shaped, truncate anteriorly;
tail small, ciliated on the edges. Ten feet; the anterior pair ending
in claws ; the four hinder pairs ending in swimming-blades." He
assigns to it the single species Ranina serrata, a new name for
" C. Raninus, L., Rumph. Mus., t. 7, fig. T, V. Herbst, Cancr.
t. 22, f. 1." Latreille regards the genus as the last of the
Brachyura, and so leading on to the Macrura.

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

EANINA SCABRA (Fabricius).

1705. Cancer Raniformis, Eumph., Amboinsche Eariteit-Kamer, p. 13,

pi. 7, figs. T, V.

1758. Cancer raninus, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 625.
1775-1781-1793. Cancer raninus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 400 ;

Mantissa, i., 314 ; Spec. Ins., i., 496 ; Ent. Syst., ii., 438.
1776. Hippa scabra, Fabricius, Mantissa, i., 330 (fide Herbst).
1789. Cancer raninus, Dixon, A Voyage round the World, Appendix,

No. 1, p. 353, 2 pis. (unnumbered).
1791. Cancer raninus, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. i.,

pt. 2, p. 3, pi. 22, fig. 1.
1791. Cancer scaber, Herbst, loc. cit., p. 11.
1793. Hippa scabra, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ii., 476.
1798. Albunea scabra, Fabricius, Suppl., Ent. Syst., p. 398.

1801. Ranina serrata, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans vertebres, p. 156.

1802. Ranina serrata, Bosc, Hist. Nat. Crust., ii., p. 15, pi. 9, fig. 2.

1803. Ranina serrata, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. vi.,

p. 133, pi. 51, fig. 1.

1825. Ranina dentata, Latreille, Encycl. Meth., vol. x., p. 268.
1825. Ranina serrata, Desmarest, Consid. gen. Crust., p. 140.
1837. Ranina dentata, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., ii., 194,

pi. 21, figs. 1-4.
1841. Ranina dentata, de Haan, Crust. Japonica, decas quinta, p. 139,

pi. 34, pi. 35, figs. 1-4.
1893. Ranina scabra, Stebbing, Hist. Crust., Internat. Sci. Ser.,

vol. Ixxiv., p. 140.

Those whose ears are titillated by tautology will no doubt prefer
to call this species Ranina ranina (Linn.). Those who agree with
our scientific forefathers in thinking that, if a specific name be pro-
moted to generic rank, the species from which the name is borrowed
must itself be renamed, should in the present instance accept the
designation Ranina scabra (Fabricius). Its author, no doubt, was in
the first instance unaware that his Cancer raninus and his Hippa
scabra were one and the same species. Indeed, de Haan seems to
have been the first writer to call explicit attention to this fact.
Bosc, in 1802, noticed that Herbst's figure was borrowed from
" Dickson," who had represented it in his Voyage, pi. 15 and 16 of
the French edition. De Haan gives a reference to " Portlock et
Dickson, Voyage Round the World, App. N. 1," as though they had
used the name Albunea scabra. Yet Bosc, in taking note of
Lamarck's Ranina serrata, evidently did not recognise its identity
with Albunea scabra, since he says that the species "was forgotten

South African Crustacea. 17

by Fabricius in his Supplement, although it is found in the previous
editions of his Entomology, under the Linnean name that is,
Cancer raninus." The suspicion arises that the latter was intention-
ally omitted, because Fabricius had discovered that between raninus
and scabra there was no difference. Milne-Edwards adopts the
name Ranina dentata, from Latreille, " Encyclop. t. x., p. 268," but
this specific name was obviously due to a lapse of memory on
Latreille's part, probably occasioned by the accident that Bosc,
Latreille himself, and Desmarest translated Lamarck's serrata by
the French words dentelee or dentee. Latreille himself, in his
" Cours d'Entomologie," p. 368, 1831, says of his tribe Notopterygia :
" This tribe is composed of the genus Ranina, of Lamarck, and has
for type the albunea scabra of Fabricius, or the cancer raninus of
LinneV' R. cristata, Desjardins, " Ann. Soc. Entom., 1835," is
explained by de Haan to be the male of the present species.

The specimen sent from the Durban Museum was a comparatively
small one, as the carapace measured only 75 mm. in length.

FAMILY CALAPPID^.

1896. Calappidce, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv., pt. 2,
pp. 136, 137.

Alcock gives the following character : " Carapace of the ordinary
brachyurous shape. The afferent branchial openings are found in
front of the bases of the chelipeds. The antennae are small. The
legs are normal in position. The vasa deferentia perforate the bases
of the fifth pair of legs. The branchiae are nine in number on either
side. The external maxillipeds either completely cover the buccal
cavern and have their palp hidden in repose (Matutince), or do not
close the buccal cavern and have their palp always exposed
(Calappince)."

GEN. CALAPPA, Fabricius.

1798. Calappa, Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 345.
1896. Calappa, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv., pt. 2,
p. 139.

CALAPPA HEPATICA (Linn.).

1758. Cancer hepaticits, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 630.
1785. Cancer hepaticus, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. i.,
pt. 6, p. 198.

9.

18 Annals of the South African Museum.

1785. Cancer tuberculatus, Herbst, loc. cit., p. 204, pi. 13,

fig. 78.

1798. Calappa tuberculata, Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 345.
1825. Calappa tuberculata, Desmarest, Consid. gen. Crust., p. 109,

pi. 10, fig. 1.
1837. Calappa hcpatica, de Haan, Crust. Japonica, decas tertia,

p. 70.

1843. Calappa tuberculata, Krauss, Siidafrik. Crust., p. 52.
1896. Calappa hepatica, Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixv.,

pt. 2, p. 142.

The dried specimen from the Durban Museum has a carapace
45 mm. long and 70 mm. broad, the length being thus rather con-
siderably more than half the extreme breadth. It agrees well in
general character with Desrnarest's figure, and in particular the right
cheliped shows the curious external curved basal process of the
finger, which Desmarest represents in his fig. la.

Krauss remarks that at low tide he found this species in little pits
on the sand-banks of the Bay of Natal, in which it sits quite motion-
less with the chelipeds pressed close to the thorax ; whether it
maintains its peaceful position when the tide comes in he could not
ascertain on account of its rare occurrence.

MACRURA ANOMALA.

Other members of this division have been discussed in these
Marine Investigations, Crustacea, pt. 2, p. 17, 1902, and pt. 3, p. 68,
1905.

GALATHEIDEA.

1901. Galathcidea, Alcock, Catal. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., Macrura
and Anomala, p. 235.

FAMILY GALATHEID^.

1901. Galatheidce, Alcock, loc. cit., p. 236.

1902. Galatheidce, Stebbing, S.A. Crustacea, pt. 2, p. 29.

1902. Galatheidce, Benedict, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxvi.,

p. 243.
1905. Galatheidce, MacGilchrist, Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. xv.,

p. 245.

South African Crustacea. 19

GEN. GALACANTHA, A. Milne-Edwards.

1880. Galacantha, A. Milne-Edwards, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
vol. viii., p. 52.

1901. Galacantha, Alcock, loc. cit., p. 274.

1902. Galacantha, Benedict, loc, cit., p. 304.

In Colonel Alcock's work above cited, so far as its date allows,
references to authorities are given for the tribe or legion, the family,
and the genus, with definitions and other information. Though other
writers Benedict, Hodgson, de Man, C. E. Porter, Caiman, Chilton,
W. H. Baker, and MacGilchrist have dealt with members of this
family since 1901, no considerable addition appears to have been made
to our knowledge of the genus Galacantha. Benedict enumerates
seven species: G. camclus, Ortmann, G. diomedece, Faxon, G. faxoni,
Benedict, G. investigatoris, Alcock and Anderson, G. rostrata, A.
Milne-Edwards, G. spinosa, A. Milne-Edwards, and G. trachynotus,
Anderson. The Zoological Eecord for 1904, Crustacea, p. 32, sup-
plying an omitted record of Illustrations of the Zoology of the
Investigator, pt. 9, 1901, quotes G, areolata, Alcock and McArdle,
as if Wood-Mason's species had been accepted by those authors. In
their explanation, however, of plate lv., on which the name occurs,
it will be found that they reduce it to a synonym of G. rostrata,
A. M.-E. G. faxoni, Benedict, is a new name for the Albatross
specimens which Faxon himself attributed to G. rostrata, though
pointing out some small features in which they constantly differed
from West Indian examples. Opinions will vary as to the need of
a new name. Faxon inclines to behold " in G. rostrata a somewhat
variable abyssal species of world- wide distribution, represented on
both sides of the Atlantic, off the Pacific coast of America, in the
Banda Sea, and in the Bay of Bengal." Alcock evidently agrees
with him, not only accepting Henderson's G. bellis and G. talismanii
as synonyms of the species, but in addition reducing G. investigatoris
to a variety of it. Alcock also regards G. trachynotus as a variety
of G. spinosa. On this view there are only four species which can
be sharply distinguished.

Lateral margin of carapace with four subequal

t ee th G. camelus, Ortmann, 1892.

Lateral margin of carapace with teeth not sub-
equal or fewer than four 2.

Rostrum without lateral teeth G. diomedea", Faxon, 1893.

Rostrum with lateral teeth 3.

20 Annals of the South African Museum.

Lateral margin of carapace with spine behind

the cervical groove G. spinosa, A. M.-E., 1880.

Lateral margin of carapace without spine be-
hind the cervical groove G. rostrata, A. M.-E., 1880.

GALACANTHA ROSTRATA, A. Milne-Edwards.

1880. Galacantha rostrata, A. M.-E., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

vol. viii., p. 52.
1886. Munidopsis rostrata, S. I. Smith, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for

1885, p. 649 (45), pi. 6, f. 1.
1900. Galacantha rostrata, M.-E. and Bouvier, Crust. D6cap. Travail-

leur et Talisman, p. 308, pi. 6, f. 9.

Other references and synonyms may be gathered from those
already given for the genus. Professor S. I. Smith gives the figure
of a male 75 mm. in length. In the lateral view of the carapace he
shows a little median denticle in advance of the great gastric spine
and another at the base of its hinder slope, neither of which is
observable in the South African specimen. The latter is a female
with eggs, measuring 88 mm. from tip of rostrum to end of telson,
with the carapace 44 mm. long from tip of rostrum to the hind
margin, 31*5 mm. broad just behind the cervical groove, 39 mm.
between the tips of the hinder spines of the lateral margin. The
second antennae are 135 mm. long, and the right cheliped 56 mm.
There was no notable difference in length between the chelipeds.

The lateral spines of the rostrum are well developed and slightly
divergent. As in the var. investigatoris, the sixth pleon segment
and the telson are tuberculate, though less strongly than the anterior
part of the pleon. The fingers of the ambulatory legs are delicately
serrate on the concave margin and hairy on the convex one.

Locality. Cape Point N.E. by E. ^ E., 46 miles ; depth, about
900 fathoms ; bottom, green mud.

This specimen appears to be the largest Galacantha hitherto
recorded.

PAGUBIDEA.

1905. Paguridea, Alcock, Indian Decap. Crust., Anomura, p. 1.

GEN. CLIBANARIUS, Dana.

1852. Clibanarius, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust., vol. xiii., p. 461.
1905. Clibanarius, Aicock, Indian Decap. Crust., Anomura, p. 40.

South African Crustacea. 21

CLIBANARIUS VULGARIS, Dana.

1791. Cancer clibanarius, Herbst, Krabben u. Krebse, vol. ii., pt. 1,

p. 20, pi. 23, fig. 1.
1852. Clibanarius vulgaris, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust., vol. xiii.,

p. 462.
1905. Clibanarius clibanarius, Alcock, Indian Decap. Crust., Ano-

mura, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 1.

In naming the species Alcock follows Hilgendorf, Henderson, and
Miss Eathbun. His key to the Indian species of the genus distin-
guishes the present by the following combination of characters :
finger of the third perasopods decidedly longer than the sixth joint ;
eye-stalks much shorter than the peduncles of the first antennae ;
inner lower border of the fourth joint in the first perseopods (the
chelipeds) simply serrulate.

The Durban Museum specimen is a small one, 50 mm. in length.
It agrees well with Colonel Alcock's full account of the species.

Locality. Durban.

GEN. PAGUBUS, Fabricius, sensu restricto.
1905. Pagurus, Alcock, Indian Decap. Crust., Anomura, p. 78.

PAGURUS MEGISTOS (Herbst).

1804. Cancer megistos, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. iii.,

pt. 4, p. 23, pi. 61, fig. 1.

1811. Pagurus megistos, Olivier, Encycl. Method., vol. viii., p. 639.
1811. Pagurus punctulatus, Olivier, Encycl. Meth., vol. viii., p. 641 ;

Atlas (1818), pi. 312, fig. 1.

1847. Pagurus megistos, White, List of Crust, in Brit. Mus., p. 60.
1905. Pagurus punctulatus, Alcock, Indian Decap. Crust., Anomura,

p. 81, pi. 8, fig. 1.
1907. Dardanus megistos, M. J. Eathbun, notes to Stimpson's North

Pacific Crust., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. xlix., p. 205-

A very full synonymy, excellent description and figure, are sup-
plied in Alcock's work. In the Museum specimen from Durban the
eye-stalks are purplish blue, and the long bristles which beset the
chelipeds and walking-legs are, after years in spirit, still a rich red.
The numerous ocellate markings are also conspicuous.

The species is interesting in connexion with that eastern ingenuity
which appears to have imposed upon Herbst, or his draughtsman, to
give this fine Pagurid a broad symmetrical tail-fan. The handsome

22 Annals of the South African Museum.

composite coloured drawing in Herbst's plate 61, fig. 1, represents
certainly no known crustacean, and Milne-Edwards (Hist. Nat.
Crust., vol. ii., p. 237, 1837) speaks of it as an imaginary species,
writing the name as Cancer megistus, Herbst, and Pagurus megistus,
Olivier, while recognising its approximation to Olivier's P. punctu-
latiis. Miers (Crust, of H.M.S. Alert, p. 555, 1884) on the same
ground rejects Adam White's identification. But in this matter
injustice has been done to Herbst. For not only is his description
of the species free from acceptance of the faulty tail-piece, but he
seems to be unaware of it, for he says : " The hind body is thick, and
has above six plates ; these are pale red with white brown-ringed
spots ; the double claw at the end is again dark red with white
spots." No one would speak of the uropods displayed in the figure
as a double claw. Moreover, Herbst's description is included in a
special section of his work devoted to the " Weichschwanze," or
soft-tailed crustaceans, which he notes as having been grouped by
Fabricius under the name Pagurus. This fourth part of his third
volume was the last which Herbst lived to publish, and in the second
section of it, which contains his Cancer megistos, he admits that the
subject is in need of further study. Alcock remarks that " this is
the largest species of the true PaguridaB of the Indian fauna," so
that Herbst's name for it was quite appropriate, and it seems fail-
that it should be reinstated.

Henderson (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., Ser. 2, vol. v.,pt. 10,
p. 419, 1893), though retaining the name P. punctulatus, says, "the
Cancer megistos figured by Herbst is undoubtedly a representation
of the present species, but the draughtsman has supplied it with an
altogether fanciful abdomen."

The two descriptions given by Olivier differ in that his P. punctu-
latus from the Isle of Timor has a little median tooth on the front of
the carapace of which the P. megistos specimen from the Cape is
devoid, and in that to this latter he attributes eye-peduncles little
elongate, while in the Timor specimen they are said to be thick and
tolerably long.

PAGUKUS ARROSOR (Herbst).

1796. Cancer arrosor, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. ii.,
pt. 6, p. 170, pi. 43, fig. 1.

1802. Pagurus strigosus, Bosc., Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. ii., p. 77, pi. 11,

fig. 3, and P. arrosor, p. 80.

1803. Pagurus striatus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Insectes,

vol. vi., p. 163, and P. arrosor, p. 170.

South African Crustacea. 23

1811. Pagurus incisus, Olivier, Encycl. Meth., vol. viii., p. 641.
1826. Pagurus incisus, Audouin, Savigny's Crust. d'Egypte, pi. 9,

fig. 1.
1888. Pagurus striatus, Henderson, Challenger Anomura, Reports,

vol. xxvii., p. 55.
1900. Pagurus arrosor, A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, Crust.

Decap. Travailleur et Talisman, p. 178.

1905. Pagurus arrosor, Alcock, Indian Decap. Crust., pt. 2, p. 168.
1907. Dardanus arrosor, M. J. Eathbun, notes to Stimpson's North

Pacific Crust., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. xlix., p. 206.

As usual an elaborate synonymy is supplied by Alcock, of which only
a small part is here given. Various authors, beginning with Latreille
(vaguely) in 1803, have recognised the prior claim of Herbst's specific
name arrosor, and have nevertheless set it on one side. Latreille
took the same liberty with Bosc's strigosus, probably on the ground
that the word as used by the Romans meant lean or meagre, not, as
Bosc no doubt intended, full of strigce. The latter sense would have
been appropriate, because in this species the chelipeds and walking-
legs are thickly traversed by scales or scutes resembling the marks left
on a plot of grass freshly mown by a scythe. It is, however, worth
remembering that this kind of ornamentation is shared by some of
the species in two other genera, Aniculus, Dana, and Nematopagurus,
Milne-Edwards and Bouvier.

Since this species is met with in all the tropical and subtropical
seas, it is not surprising that some forms should have received
varietal names. One of these was at first regarded as an independent
species by A. Milne-Edwards, under the name Aniculus petersi, 1880.
In 1892 Ortmann named a variety pectinata, and in 1906 Moreira
adds a var. divergens (Arch. Mus. Nat. Rio de Janeiro, vol. xiii.,
p. 13, pi. 4, fig. l),in describing which he speaks of Pagurusinsignis,
de Saussure, as one of the varieties of P. arrosor.

The species is said to attain a length of 7 or 8 inches. Milne-
Edwards and Bouvier remark in regard to the collections they were
examining, that it seems to attain its greatest dimensions towards
Spain, and to become more and more reduced in proceeding to
Senegal. The largest specimen sent by Dr. Gilchrist from South
Africa is 87 mm. long, with a carapace 35 mm. in length. With
this was a very small specimen. Some small specimens from
Durban belong to the Durban Museum.

Locality (of large specimen). Great Fish Point Lighthouse,
N. ^ W., 2^ miles; depth, 30 fathoms; bottom, mud.

24 Annals of the South African Museum.

GEN. DIOGENES, Dana.

1852. Diogenes, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust., vol. xiii., pt. 1,

pp. 435, 438.
1905. Diogenes, Alcock, Indian Decapod Crust., pt. 2, pp. 25, 59,

164.

Dana gave the following definition : " Ophthalmic ring bearing a
rostrum. Fourth pair of feet subcheliform. Left hand the larger;
fingers acuminate, calcareous at tips." He distinguished this genus
and Eupagurus (which he called Bernhardus] from Paguristes by the
character that they were without appendages behind the bases of
the fifth leg, whereas such appendages are present in Paguristes.

DIOGENES COSTATUS, Henderson.

1893. Diogenes costatus, Henderson, Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool.,
Ser. 2, vol. v., pt. 10, p. 418, pi. 39, figs. 7, 8.

1905. Diogenes costatus, Alcock, Indian Decapod Crust. ,pt. 2, pp. 61,
70, pi. 6, figs. 7, la.

The present species belongs to the group in which " the rostrum
is a slender simple (non-serrated) spicule " (Alcock). It appears to
be very nearly allied to D. pugilator (Roux), known in the south of
England as well as the Mediterranean and elsewhere, and to the
oriental D. avarus, Heller. But the last species has a much more
narrowly elongate left cheliped.

In the specimen here attributed to D. costatus the carapace has
the antero-lateral margins serrulate, the rostrum shorter than the
subtriangular spinulose ophthalmic scales, the antennal acicle a
simple spine, strongly spinose along the inner edge, but differing
from the figures in Henderson and Alcock by having a denticle on
its outer edge. In describing the left cheliped Alcock says " merus
a little shorter than the carpus," the reverse of which is the case in
his figure and in our specimen. Both he and Henderson lay stress
on the fact that the outer surface of the palm " is traversed by a
ridge which, beginning at the lower proximal angle, runs up parallel
with the carpal articulation (where it is granular), and then curves
round and is continued obliquely almost to the finger-cleft " (Alcock).
They do not refer to what is shown in their figures, the fact that the
fixed finger has on its inner margin a marked prominence fitting a
corresponding cavity in the inner margin of the movable finger.
The little right cheliped shows a considerable gap in the closure of
the setose hand and finger.

South African Crustacea. 25

Henderson says "the ambulatory legs are almost smooth, with
the anterior margins pubescent and very faintly toothed." In
our specimen the anterior margin of the carpus in the first pair
of walking-legs makes an exception to this statement by being very
distinctly denticulate. Alcock says of both pairs of walking-legs,
that " the anterior edge of the carpus and propodite is spinulose and
setose, the spinules of the carpus being the most distinct." In
these limbs and the two following pairs there appear to be on the
under side of the basal joints little pads of a rasp-like character, like
those on the hands of the fourth and fifth legs and on the uropods.

Length of carapace about 9 mm.

Locality. Great Fish Point Lighthouse, N. -| W., 2^ miles; depth,
30 fathoms ; bottom, mud. The shell occupied is covered by a
branching coral.

MACRURA GENUINA.

TEIBE EEYONIDEA.

FAMILY EBYONLD^E.

GEN. POLYCHELES, Heller.

1902. Polycheles, Stebbing, Marine Investigations, Crustacea, pt. 2,

p. 35.

1905. Polycheles, Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Oceanogr. Monaco, No. 28,
' p. 3.

POLYCHELES BEAUMONTII (?) (Alcock).

1894. Pcntacheles Beaumontii, Alcock, Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6,
vol. xiii., p. 236.

1894. Pentacheles Beaumontii, Alcock, Illustrations Zool. Investi-
gator Crustacea, pi. 8, fig. 3.

1901. Pentacheles Beaumontii, Alcock, Catal. Indian Deep-Sea
Macrura, p. 175.

Faxon, in 1895, is inclined to regard this species as, at most, but a
geographical race of the Polycheles granulatus, which he himself
described in 1893. The South African specimens differ in some
particulars from both accounts, but until more material is available
I am unwilling to take the responsibility of instituting a new species.

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

The whole dorsal surface of the carapace is tomentose, the
pubescence though short sufficing to conceal most of the dentation.
The two rostral teeth are very small. The frontal margin has a
tooth on the inner and two teeth on the outer side of the orbital
notches, and there is a tooth or spine at the frontal end of the
impacted eye-stalk. The teeth of the lateral margin are in groups
of 8 and 4 in front of the cervical sulcus and 18 behind it, some of
the last set being very small. The teeth of the median carina are
small and obscure, but those behind the sulcus seem to be rather
numerous.

In the pleon the carinae of the first three segments are produced
forward in very small teeth, the fourth not being produced, the fifth
forming a single cusp, the sixth being, as Alcock observes, without
the vestige of a carina. This at least is true of the male, but in the
female the front and hind margins of the segment are a little
pinched. Three ridges converge on the back of the telson
towards its acute point, the centre ridge commencing with a small
hump.

The first antennae have two spines on the outer side of the large
first joint.

The elongate first peraeopods have in the fourth joint six unequal
but conspicuous teeth distributed over the middle part of one
margin. In the male specimen the third joint measures 27, the
fourth 38, the fifth 33, the sixth 50 millimetres, giving a total length,
including the first two joints, of more than six inches. The fingers
measure 27 mm. They are strongly curved at the tips. The palm
to the hinge of the movable finger is 23 mm., ending in a sharp tooth,
which is not adjacent to the finger.

The fifth peraeopods of the female are distinctly chelate, but those
of the male should perhaps not be called chelate at all. They have a
process of the sixth joint subequal to the finger in length, but the
grasping edge of the finger is turned not towards this process, but
away from it.

The first pleopods of the male differ little from those figured by
Professor Smith for P. sculpt us.

The male specimen has a total length of 140 mm., of which the
carapace is 64 and the pleon 76 mm. The carapace at the cervical
groove is 51 mm. broad. The second antennae are 90 mm. long.

Locality. The male specimen was obtained from a depth of
900 fathoms, Cape Point N.E. by E. ^ E. 43 miles; the female,
which is a little smaller, from 890 fathoms, Cape Point E. f N.
41 miles, in each case the bottom being green mud.

South African Crustacea. 27

POLYCHELES NANUS (Smith).

1884. Pentacheles nanus, S. I. Smith, Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm.,

1882, p. 359.
1886. Pentacheles nanus, S. I. Smith, Ann. Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm.,

1885, p. 651 (47), pi. 7, figs. 1, la,
1895. Polycheles nanus, Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard,

vol. xviii., p. 121, pi. 33, figs. 1, la, Ib.

On the middle line of the carapace, hetween the rostral spines
and the cervical sulcus, there are two single spines one behind the
other, then a pair followed by two others in single file, whereas in
Professor Smith's specimen there was only one spine behind the
pair. The dorsal part of the fifth pleon segment is unfortunately
missing, but the fact of its loss is an indirect testimony to its
original prominence. In other respects the pleon agrees with the
original description, which is as follows : " The pleon is more
deeply sculptured than in P. sculptus, and the dorsal carina very
much higher, the recurved carinal teeth of the third, fourth, and
fifth somites are very much longer and more slender, and reach far
over the somites in front. The edges of the sulcated carina on the
sixth somite, instead of being low and uniform, as in P. sculptus, are
very high and broken into several prominent teeth on each side,
with a stouter and higher tooth at the posterior end of the sulcus."
The edges of the side-plates and the median elevation on the telson
with its smaller secondary prominence also agree with Professor
Smith's account.

According to Faxon, the fifth peraeopods are chelate in both sexes ;
the pleurobranchise four, one on each of the second to the fifth
peraeopods, the arthrobranchiae eight, two to each of the first
to the fourth perasopods, which also have each a podobranchia ;
the third maxilliped has a very minute epipod, and the first to
the fourth peraeopods have rudimentary epipods, represented
by a plate-like expansion of the base of the stem of the
podobranchia.

The single South African specimen is a female, as evidenced by
the sexual openings at the base of the third peraeopods. Adherent
to various parts of the body were several small oval eggs, but
whether actually belonging to the specimen was not quite
evident.

Length of specimen 65 mm., the carapace being 30 mm. long,
and at the cervical groove 22 mm. broad, the pleon 35 mm.
long.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Locality. Cape Point N.E. by E. f E. 38 miles ; depth, 750-800
fathoms ; bottom, green mud.

Both Smith and Faxon suggest the possibility that P. nanus may
be only a dwarf deep-water variety of P. sculptus.

TRIBE SCYLLAEIDEA.

1893. Scyllaridea, Stebbing, Hist. Crust., Internat. Sci. Ser., vol.
Ixxiv., p. 191.

This tribe, by Boas and many other writers called Loricata,
comprises the two families Scyllaridae and Palinuridae. Borradaile,
in his recent classification (Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. xix., p. 407,
1907), retains the name Scyllaridea, but makes it one of the two
" super-families " in his tribe Palinura, the Eryonidea being the
other super-family. The Macron/res cuirasses of Milne-Edwards, for
which de Haan gives the Latin Loricata, included the Galatheidae
and the Eryonidae as well as the two families above mentioned.

FAMILY SCYLLAKHLE.

1837. " Scyllariens " (tribe), Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol.

ii., p. 279.
1841. Scyllaroidea (fam.), de Haan, Crust. Japon., decas quinta,

p. 148.

1847. Scyllaridce, White, List of Crust, in Brit. Mus., p. 67.
1852. Scyllaridce, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust., vol. xiii., pt. 1,

p. 515.
1888. Scyllaridce, Bate, Challenger Macrura, Reports, vol. xxiv.,

p. 57.
1891. Scyllaridce, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., p. 38.

1900. Scyllaridce, M. J. Eathbun, Proc. U.S., Nat. Mus., vol. xxii.,

p. 309.

1901. Scyllaridce, M. J. Eathbun, U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1900, vol. ii.,

p. 97.

1906. Scyllaridce, M. J. Eathbun, U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1903, pt. 3,
p. 896.

The genera now assigned to this family are Scyllarus, Fabricius,
Scyllarides, Gill, Ibacus, Leach, Themis, Leach, Parribacus, Dana,
and Pseudibacus, Guerin-Meneville, with which Miers considers
Evibacus, S. I. Smith, to be synonymous (Pr. Zool. Soc. London,

South African Crustacea. 29

p. 543, 1882). With the first name it is necessary to deal warily.
When Fabricius published it, in 1793, he appointed only two species,
the first being Scyllarus arctus, with a long list of earlier references,
while the second was a new species confessedly founded on an ill-
preserved specimen. In 1893, when dealing with the genus Arctus,
Dana, I ventured to remark that " it rather looks as if Dana had
stolen the type species of Scyllarus on which to found his new
genus." With greater boldness his own countryman, Gill, in 1898,
took the step of cancelling Dana's Arctus as a synonym of Scyllarus,
and of instituting the newly named genus Scyllarides for those
species which Dana had separated from Arctus under the wrongful
name of Scyllarus. The true and re-established Scyllarus has the
rostrum very short and truncate, the exopod of the third maxillipeds
without a flagellum, and the pairs of branchiae nineteen in number.

GEN. SCYLLAEIDES, Gill.

1898. Scyllarides, Gill, Science, n.s., vol. vii., p. 98.
1901. Scyllarides, M. J. Eathbun, U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1900,
vol. ii., p. 97.

Here the rostrum is very salient, the exopod of the third
maxillipeds has a flagellum, and the pairs of branchias are twenty-one
in number.

The species allotted to the genus by Dana were " Sc. sculptus,
latus, squamosus, equinoxialis, Haanii, Sieboldi." Ortmann, in 1897
(Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., pp. 268-270), makes S. sieboldi, de Haan, a
synonym of S. squamosus, and institutes a new species, S.elisabeth(Z.
In 1899 Whitelegge (Records of Australian Museum, vol. Hi., pt. 6.
p. 155, pi. 29) gave a new description and figure of S. sculptus,
Latreille. In 1906 Miss Eathbun, discussing the Brachyura and
Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands, makes S. sieboldi, de Haan, and
S. haanii, de Siebold, MS., de Haan, both synonyms of Scyllarides
squammosus (Milne-Edwards).

Of these species the first in the field is S. cequinoctialis, Lund,
1793, followed by S. latus, Latreille, 1803. For the differences
between them Ortmann (loc. cit.) and Milne-Edwards (Hist. Nat.
Crust., vol. ii., pp. 284, 285) should be consulted. That a good series
of specimens would unite them is not impossible. As synonyms of
Scyllarides latus, Miss Eathbun, in 1900, gives Scyllarus herklotsii,
Pel, in Herklots, and Scyllarus dehaani, Herklots, 1851. To
S. squammosus, Milne-Edwards, 1837, we have seen that Miss
Eathbun and Ortmann agree in giving S. sieboldi, de Haan, 1841, as

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

a synonym. But Ortmann who, in 1891, considered the differences
between S. sieboldi and its contemporary species S. haanii as "quite
small and scarcely visible," in 1897 reinstates S. haanii as an
independent species. There are indeed in de Haan's figure of
S. haanii, von Siebold, several points which separate it from its
companion species. Instead of the antero-lateral angles of the
carapace being square as in S. aequinoctialis or obtuse as in S.
sieboldi, they are acutely advanced, and the constriction at the
cervical groove is more pronounced than in the other species. On
each branchial region there is a curved line of upraised tubercles at
some distance from the lateral margin, and the lateral lobes of
the second pleon segment have their margins cut into eight
upward, outward, and downward pointing teeth not found elsewhere.
The nearest ally of this species appears to be S. scutytus, Latreille,
figured in the " Encyclopedic M6thodique," pi. 320, fig. 2, 1818, and
mentioned without special description in vol. x., p. 416, 1825. In
1837 it was described for the first time by H. Milne-Edwards, Hist.
Nat. Crust., vol. ii., p. 283. On the presumption that the specimens
which I have received from South Africa belong to the species which
Ortmann has very briefly described under the name S. elisabethce,
from the Cape and Port Elizabeth, I propose to compare that
species with S. sculptus as re-figured and re-described by Whitelegge.

SCYLLABIDES ELISABETHS (Ortmann).

Plate XXX.
18S7. Scyllarus clisabcthce, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., p. 270.

The characters given by Ortmann are : carpus (fifth joint) of the
first and second peraeopods above without keels, at most with blunt
longitudinal rolls, as distinguished from the two sharp longitudinal
keels in S. squammosus ; keels of the fourth joint with no marked
wing-like elevation ; sixth joint of the second perasopod above com-
pletely rounded, without edge (features attributed in common to S.
(equinoctialis and S. elisabetha as distinguished from S. latus and S.
haanii) ; ante-penultimate joint of the second antennae having at its
front outer corner a straight tooth (a feature distinguishing three of
the species just mentioned from S. latus, in which the tooth in
question is hook-shaped upward curved) ; pleon humped, especially
on the third and fourth segments ; cephalothorax with a distinct
lateral notch behind the eyes (as opposed to S. cequinoctialis, in
which the pleon is scarcely humped, and the lateral notch of the
carapace evanescent).

South African Crustacea.

In these characters there is nothing tangible, I think, by which
8. elisabethdB could be separated from S. sculptus. It may be
observed in passing that, if the figures of S. latus by Savigny and
Guerin-Meneville can be trusted, the curvature of the tooth on the
ante-penultimate joint of the second antennae is of little or no
importance. It is, however, to this joint that attention should be
directed. In the South African specimens the outer border is cut
into five well-marked teeth, well though not quite regularly spaced
and graduated, the front one very large and the hindmost very small,
but the longest interval being between the second and third, and the
last two teeth rather abruptly smaller than the first three. In
Whitelegge's figure of S. sculptus the first three teeth of this border
are crowded together, and near to the front one there is a large one
on the distal border, which is entirely unrepresented in S'. elisabethcB.
Latreille's figure of S. sculptus (Encycl. Meth., Atlas, pi. 320, fig. 2,
1818) also shows the crowding together of the spines on the outer
margin, with very irregular sculpture of the distal border.

In the present species the antero-lateral angles of the carapace
are more sharply produced forward than in any hitherto figured
member of the genus. Behind the front tooth the lateral margin is
cut into six teeth, successively smaller, passing in a gentle curve to
the constriction at the cervical sulcus, at which there is a tooth
standing out very distinct from those before and behind it, but not
so large as the front lateral tooth. In S. sculptus, according to
Whitelegge, the tooth at this point is equal to or larger than that at
the antero-lateral angle. Also in S. sculptus numerous more or less
acute spines and spiniform tubercles are described by Whitelegge as
occupying the dorsal surface of the carapace. In the present species
there are four or five bluntish teeth on each half of the frontal
margin, two that are definitely spiniform on each side of the orbit,
with a very little one to the rear of the inner orbital pair. Along the
centre line are two on the gastric region followed by a widely
separated transverse pair and then by a transverse pair near
together just behind the faintly marked median groove.

The first pleon segment is described by Whitelegge as having the
coxal plate in S. sculptus bilobed ; in the present species it forms a
single lobe. Similarly the second segment is here not bilobed. It
has the upper margin more or less strongly denticulate, curving
back to a strong tooth within which six or seven graduated teeth
form the curved lower or hind margin. The four following segments
have the upper or front margin faintly crenulate, curving back to a
strong tooth, within which the hind border is cut into some seven

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

teeth, regularly graduated in the third and fourth segments but
irregularly in the fifth ; in the sixth segment the outer tooth is
followed not by a convex hind border but by an oblique truncate
crenulate lateral margin. The telson is squarish, distally truncate,
but with the corners rounded.

The fifth peraeopods are simple in the male specimen, but in the
two female specimens which still possess them they are, as might be
expected, chelate. The tooth-like prolongation of the sixth joint,
however, is here so short in comparison with the finger that it would
scarcely have been thought of as chela-forming but for its fuller
development in other species, such as S. aquinoctialis. It may be
noticed that in de Haan's plates 8. sieboldi is the figure of a female,
S. haani of a male, to judge by the fifth legs.

A dried specimen, female, some of the legs missing, from Algoa
Bay, measures 93 mm. across the front of the carapace. Another
dried specimen, also a female, probably from the same locality,
measures 60 mm. across the front, with a length of 130 mm., or,
including the second antennae, 165 mm. These are from the Durban
Museum. The following were collected by Dr. Gilchrist.

A male specimen from Cape St. Blaize W. J N. 5^ miles,
depth 28 fathoms, bottom fine dark sand, measures 80 mm. across
the front, 180 mm. in length, or with antennae 225 mm.

A female specimen, from St. Sebastian Bay, depth about 20
fathoms, measures across the whole front 70 mm., between the orbits
38 mm., the carapace 70 mm. long, or with rostral process 75 mm.,
the pleon 105 mm. long; total length of the specimen, including
the second antennae, 220 mm. ; second pleon segment 60 mm. broad,
sixth 42 mm. broad, telson 33 mm. broad and 27 mm. long.

This, which is the subject of the photographic plate, was received
at 10.30 a.m. on Sunday morning, March 26, 1905. Mr. J. Stuart
Thomson, writing from the Cape, March 8, 1905, explained its place
of origin, and added, "We received it yesterday in the fresh condi-
tion, and have had it frozen, as we thought you might find it
interesting." The post-office at Tunbridge Wells, entering into the
spirit of the transaction, gave it a special delivery on Sunday, and
the messenger contributed his own advice that the cooking might
safely be delayed till a more secular opportunity. As received,
the colouring was dorsally a fine bright red, enhanced by the grey
pattern on the lower part of the second antennas, on the middle of
the carapace, and the middle of its distal border, the latter part,
however, having in the actual centre a bright red spot. The first
pleon segment has an alternation of four grey and five red patches,

South African Crustacea. 33

the following segments being also diversified with red and grey.
The second and third joints and the flagella of the first antennae
were a bright pale red ; the underside of the second antennae pale
yellowish and red intermingled ; the under surface of the body and
legs yellowish, but the legs conspicuous with three purple-red bands
respectively on the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints, the fingers being
red at the base, horn -coloured at the tips, and yellow in between.
The localities mentioned by Dr. Ortmann are the Cape and Port
Elizabeth.

FAMILY PALINUKID^.

This family has been already considered in these notices of South
African Crustacea, pt. 1, p. 29, 1900, and pt. 2, p. 37, 1902.

GEN. PANULIEUS (Gray, MS.), White.

1847. Panulirus (Gray, MS.), White, List of Crust, in Brit. Mus., p.69.
1852. Panulirus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust., vol. xiii., p. 519.
1888. Panulirus, Bate, Challenger Macrura, p. 77.
1891. Senex, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., p. 22.
1897. Panulirus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., p. 260.

1905. Panulirus, Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Oceanogr. Monaco, No. 29.

1906. Panulirus, Nobili, Mem. Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat., vol. i.,

p. 300.
1906. Panulirus, Nobili, Bull. Sci. France-Belgique, vol. xl., p. 59-

PANULIRUS PENICILLATUS (Olivier).

1837. Palinurns penicillatus, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust.,

vol. ii., p. 299.
1841. Palinurns penicillatus, de Haan, decas quinta, p. 157, pis. L and

M, fig. 5.
1891. Senex penicillatus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., p. 28.

Several additions to the synonymy, which begins with Astacus
penicillatus, Olivier, Encycl. Meth., vol. vi., p. 343, 1791, will be
found under the references to Milne-Edwards and Ortmann. The
species was transferred to Palinurus by Olivier in 1811, and to
Panulirus by White in 1847. There seems no reason to doubt that
the dried specimen from the Durban Museum belongs to this species.
It has an individual peculiarity. The little group of spines on the
segment of the first antennae is reduced to three, a small pair in
front with a larger spine immediately behind the left member of

3

34 Annals of the South African Museum.

the anterior pair, but no trace of any spine behind the right-hand
member.

The third maxillipeds have the characteristic short exopod, without
flagellum. The pleon segments have no interrupted furrows. The
free lateral portions of the first four segments are denticulate above,
and each forms a strong backward curving apical tooth. The fifth
peraeopods have the chela-forming processes on the distal end of the
sixth joint and base of the finger, which are characteristic of the
female.

The length of the specimen is 210 mm. from the front to the end
of telson. It is supposed to have come from the Agulhas Bank.

PANULIRUS BURGERI (de Haan).
1841. Palinurus biirgeri, de Haan, Crust. Japon., decas quinta,

pp. 157, 159, 238, pis. 43 and 44, fig. 1.
1866. Palinurus burgeri, Heller, Novara-Keise Crust., p. 95.

1891. Scnex biirgeri, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. vi., p. 32.

1892. Palhiiirufi burgeri, de Man, in Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl.

Ost-Indien, vol. ii., p. 354.

1897. Pannlii'iis b/irgrn'., Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. x., p. 268.
1905. Panulims burgeri, Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Oceanogr. Monaco,

No. 29, p. 4.

The modified vowel in biirgeri is used on deHaan's plate, which is
perhaps earlier than the text, and is also found in the index, though
in the text itself of the description the form is burgeri. Dr. de Man
calls attention to the circumstance that Heller (loc. cit.) and Alphonse
Milne-Edwards (Nouv. Arch. Mus., vol. iv., p. 89) describe the trans-
verse furrows on the pleon segments of this species as interrupted in
the middle, which according to de Haan is not the case, although
in the specimen from Makassar de Man found some interruption on
the second and third segments and an indication of it on the fourth
segment. One of the marks which de Haan uses for distinguishing
this species from P. dasypus, Latreille, is the character that in the
latter the furrows are interrupted, while in P. burgeri they are con-
tinuous. Heller uses the same distinction, but evidently by a slip of
the pen has transposed the characters.

The South African specimen of this rare and beautiful species shows,
I think, all the requisite characters for its identification. The third
maxillipeds are without exopod. The exopod of the second maxilli-
peds is without any distinguishable flagellum. The second and third
joints of these maxillipeds are so closely united that the place of
origin of the exopod is only with difficulty made out, and its appear-

South African Crustacea. 35

ance is very different from the corresponding appendage in P. regiiis
(Brito Capello) as figured by Dr. Nobili in the Mem. Soc. Espauola,
vol. L, pi. 8, fig. la, 1906. The epistome agrees with de Haan's
account in having three spines, with no intermediate spinules.

The plate of the first antennae is armed with four large spaced
spines, within which are two that are much smaller. Four of these
intermediates are mentioned by de Haan, but only two are shown in
his figure. Both within and without the square there are some
insignificant spicules. The ornamentation of the carapace andpleon
agrees remarkably well with de Haan's description and figure.
The transverse furrows on the pleon are continuous and straight,
except the one on the sixth segment, which is lobed as in the figure.

The first antennae are 155 mm. long. The carapace in the middle
line measures 52 mm., and the pleon 105 mm.

Locality. Fishing ground, Algoa Bay. One specimen, a male.

After the account of the specimen in spirit sent by Dr. Gilchrist
had long been written, a specimen from Port Elizabeth was for-
warded to me by Mr. FitzSimons. This example is considerably
larger, the carapace in the middle line measuring 67 mm. Being
dry, it had suffered considerably in transit. The appendages are so
brittle that they seem ready to break in pieces at a look, unless it is
a cautiously respectful one. From a comparison, however, of the
two specimens, I should now say that the exopod of the second
maxillipeds appears to have a short second joint in line with the
long first one. In the dry specimen the marginal spaces between
the three teeth of the epistome are denticulate, and in the other
specimen a little denticle can be felt rather than seen in each space.
On the plate of the first antennae the dry specimen has between its
four large spines five little ones. In general its ornamentation is
like that of the other example, and the sex is the same.

TRIBE CAKIDEA.

In regard to the species described and figured in part 3, p. 107,
pi. 24s, of this series, it is desirable here to notice that, as Mr.
Stanley W. Kemp has shown, in "Fisheries, Ireland Sci. Invest.,

1905, I. [1906]," the name Acantliephyra batei was preoccupied, and
further that the form is probably to be regarded only as one of the
many varieties or synonyms of Acanthephyra purpurea, A. Milne-
Edwards. Nobili, Bull. Sci. France-Belgique, vol. xl., extr. p. 22,

1906, suggests that the species referred in pt. 3, p. 87, to Sergestcs
bisidcatus, Wood-Mason, belongs rather to S. prehensilis, Bate.

36 Annals of tJic South African Museum.

FAMILY GLYPHOCRANGONID^.

1882. Rhac-hocarince, S. I. Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. x.,

p. 41.
1884. Glyphocrangonida, S. I. Smith, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for

1882, p. 364.
1888. NikidfB (part), Bate, Challenger Macrura, Reports, vol. xxiv.,

p. 503.
1898. Processida (part), Ortmann, in Bronn's Thierreich, vol. v.,

pt. 2, p. 1124.
1901. Crlyphocrangonidce, Alcock, Catal. Indian Deep-Sea Macrura,

p. 124.

Alcock divides the family into two groups, assigning to Glypho-
crangon the species which have the eyes large and deeply pigmented
(purple in spirit), and which have eleven branchiae on either side,
and to a sub-genus Plastocrangon those in which the eyes are small
and unpigmented (pale yellow in spirit), and which have only nine
branchiae on either side, there being no arthrobranchiae pertaining to
the first and second peraeopods.

GEN. GLYPHOCRANGON, A. Milne-Edwards.

1881. ( rlyphocrangon, A. M. -Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., Ser. 6,

vol. xi., p. 3.

1882. Rhachocaris, S. I. Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. x.,

p. 41.
1884. Glyphocrangon, S. I. Smith, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1882,

p. 364.
1888. Glyphocrangon, Bate, Challenger Macrura, Reports, vol. xxiv.,

p. 503.

1895. Glyphocrangon, Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. xviii., p. 137.
1901. Giyphocrangon, Alcock, Catal. Indian Deep-Sea Macrura,

p. 125.

The establishment of Rliachocaris as a separate genus was due to
errors in the original account of Glyphocrangon. According to Bate
there are six pleuro-branchiae, belonging respectively to the third
maxillipeds, and each of the five peraeopods, and four arthro-branchige,
belonging to the third maxillipeds and each of the first three perteo-
pods. Professor Smith, on the other hand, affirms that there are
only five pleuro-branchiaB, one for each of the five peraeopods, and
six arthro-branchiaa, two on the third maxillipeds and one on each of

Sotith African Crustacea. 37

the first four peraeopods. the first and second maxillipeds having each
an epipod. With this branchial formula Alcock's account agrees,
except as to the species referred to his sub-genus Plastocrangon. It
may be noticed that in the original description of G. longirostris
(Smith), from a specimen 54 mm. long, the eyes, with a diameter about
one-fifth the length of the rostrum, were (in spirit) devoid of coloured
pigment, thus making an approach to Plastocrangon, but in larger
specimens subsequently described the eyes (in spirit) were dark
purplish brown, and nearly a third of the rostrum's length in diameter.
If the branchial formula which Bate has recorded should prove to be
correct for the species which he describes, or for any of them, it is
obvious that such species would form a division apart both from
Glyphocrangon and Plastocrangon.

GLYPHOCBANGON SCULPTUS (Smith).

1882. Bhachocaris scidpta, S. I. Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.

Harvard, vol. x., p. 49, pi. 5, fig. 3, pi. 6, figs. 3, Ba-d.
1884. Glyphocrangon scufytus, Smith, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for

1882, p. 365.
1886. Glyphocrangon sculptus, Smith, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for

1885, p. 655 (51), pi. 8, fig. 3, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2.

The South African specimens which I assign to this species have
a character which, if not peculiar to it, is certainly uncommon.
The side-plate of the fifth pleon segment is distally tripartite, having
(as Smith notes) three acute points instead of the usual two.

The rostrum is apically strongly upcurved, with a pair of teeth
in front of the eyes and another pair just behind them. The four
principal dorsal carinae of the carapace are formed by rows of
tooth-like tubercles. The large antero-lateral tooth is followed
by two teeth, successively much smaller, constituting a carina
which reaches the cervical sulcus ; the continuation of this carina
behind the sulcus is feebly undulating. The median carina of
the pleon is rather variable on the sixth segment, the proximal
division varying between two acute points and two that are more
or less blunt.

The eyes in the preserved specimens are not dark purple but
deep orange. In the second antennae the small tooth of the scale
is about at the middle of the outer margin. There are nine stout
spines, besides some that are slighter, on the middle lobe of the
first maxilla. On the terminal joint of the second maxillipeds
there are six stout spines and a great many slender ones.

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

The first peraeopods have the third joint produced into a tooth.

The second perseopod on the left side has the fifth joint (the
carpus) divided into twenty compartments. That on the right
side also appears to agree with Professor Smith's reckoning, accord-
ing to which it should have twenty-three compartments. The
fingers of the fourth and fifth peraeopods are cleft, but the divisions
seem to be of equal length and closely contiguous.

The branchiae agree with the formula given by Smith and
Alcock for Glyphocrangon.

The specimen specially examined for this description measured
75 mm. in length. It contained the Bopyrid Bathygyge grand-is,
Hansen, on the right side of the carapace. Another specimen
was of just the same length. A third was 77'5 mm. long. A
fourth was smaller than the other three. These four were dredged
at the same station, Cape Point N.E. by E. % E. 40 miles ; depth
800-900 fathoms ; bottom, green mud. A specimen 88 mm. long
was obtained at about 800 fathoms depth, Cape Point N. 70 E.
40 miles. At each of two other stations, but at the same locality
and depth as the station first mentioned, a single specimen was
obtained, each measuring 75 mm. in length.

GLYPHOCRANGON LONGIROSTRIS (Smith).

1882. Rhachocaris longirostris, S. I. Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.

Harvard, vol. x., p. 51, pi. 5, fig. 1, pi. 6, fig. 1.
1884. Glyphocrangon longirostris, Smith, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for

1882, p. 365.
1886. Glyphocrangon longirostris, Smith, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for

1885, p. 655 (51), pi. 8, figs. 1, 2, pi. 9, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Eyes long retaining a purple hue. Between this and the pre-
ceding species there are two tolerably clear distinguishing features.
Behind the large antennal and antero-lateral spines, the carina
ends in a single anterior tooth, the after part having no further
dentation. The side-plate of the fifth pleon segment has its lower
margin cut only into two teeth, not three. What may be the true
systematic value of these two characters remains somewhat un-
certain. In his later account of the species Professor Smith says,
when speaking of the teeth or spines on the lower margin of the
pleon segments, " there is usually no posterior spine on the fifth."
As apparently he had only four specimens in all, it may be surmised
that one out of the four had a posterior or third tooth on the fifth
pleon segment. The proximal division of the median carina of

South African Crustacea. 39

the sixth pleon segment in this form is simple, without division
into two, whether teeth or tubercles.

By depending on a minute system of comparative measurements
one might perhaps in this genus found several species upon
specimens very closely connected in their actual origin.

A specimen 79 mm. long was procured at a depth between 750
and 800 fathoms, Cape Point N.E. by B. f E. 38^ miles ; bottom,
green mud. At the same locality, but in a different haul, a specimen
measuring (with tip of rostrum broken) 92 mm. was obtained,
this being a female with eggs, very much more bulky than the
preceding. At a neighbouring station, Cape Point N. 77 E.,
depth 660 to 700 fathoms, bottom green mud, a similar female
specimen was obtained, measuring 107 mm. in length. Lastly,
a quite slender specimen, 74 mm. long, was obtained on similar
ground, between 720 and 800 fathoms, Cape Point by D.R. N.E.
f E. 40 miles.

Practically all the specimens, both those assigned to G. sculptus
and those to G. longirostris, were obtained in the same vicinity, on
ground of one character, and at considerable depths. Professor
Smith describes a female of G. sculptus 108 mm. long, and the
same sex of G. longirostris 107 mm. in length. Should one of the
species have to be cancelled, it is the latter that must fall, since
G. sculptus has page precedence.

FAMILY

1905. Palcemonidce, Coutiere, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., Ser. 8, vol. xii.,

p. 249

In his treatise here cited, on " Les PalaemonidaB des eaux douces
de Madagascar," Professor Coutiere supplies a long bibliography
of this family from de Haan in 1836 down to the year 1900.

GEN. MACROTEROCHEIR, nom. nov.
1891. Palamon (Macrobrachium), Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. v.,

pp. 696, 733.
1897. Macrobrachium (sub-gen.), Ortmann, Revista do Museu

Paulista, N. 2, p. 199.
1905. Palamon (Macrobrachium}, Coutiere, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 8,

vol. xii., pp. 252, 267, 273, 287.

Spence Bate, in the Challenger Macrura, p. 788, 1888, reduces
to a synonym of Bithynis, Philippi, the genus which, in 1868 (Proc.

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

Zool. Soc. London, p. 363), he had named Macrobrachium. In
reviving the name for a sub-genus or " group," Ortmann does not
appear to have included under it any of the species originally
assigned to it by Bate himself. The first of these was M.
americanum, which in Ortmann's system becomes Palcemon (Brachy-
carpus) jamaicensis (Herbst), and is named Bithynis jamaicensis
by Miss Eathbun in 1901. Bate's M. formosense and M. longi-
digitum are referred to Eiipalcemon, M. africanum is made a
synonym of Bithynis (jaudichaudii (Milne-Edwards). M. gangeti-
cum, insufficiently described, is not mentioned, but would probably
be referred to Eupalcemon. Under the circumstances the retention
of the hybrid name Macrobrachium does not seem justifiable, and
I have substituted for it a name implying that in this genus one
member of the pair of large chelipeds decidedly exceeds the other
in size.

Coutiere says : " The group Macrobrachium is well characterised
in general by the palm [of the second peraeopods] compressed,
oval, broader than the carpus at its distal end, which gives the
most differentiated species of this group the aspect of Astacidae
(P. lepidactylus). The carpus and meropodite, each distally inflated,
are in general nearly equal." He adds the caution that young
forms, and also the adults of certain species, resemble species of
Parapalcemon and Eupalcemon by the feeble compression and small
breadth of the palm.

MACROTEROCHEIR LEPIDACTYLUS (Hilgendorf).

1878. Palcemon lepidactyhis, Hilgendorf, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin,

p. 838, pi. 4, figs. 14-16.

1891. Palcemon lepidactylus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. v., p. 735.
1905. Palcemon (Macrobrachium) lepidactylus, Coutiere, Ann. Sci.

Nat. Ser. 8, vol. xii., p. 272, pi. 10, pi. 11, figs. 13, 13a.

Coutiere includes in the synonymy Palcemon lepidactyloides,
de Man, 1892 (in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Indien,
vol. ii., p. 497, pi. 29, fig. 51). The careful comparison which he
institutes of a large number of specimens makes it fairly certain
that there is no need for two specific names.

In a large dried specimen from the Durban Museum the rostrum
has 13 teeth above and 2 below, its apex fully reaching the end
of the peduncle of the first antennae, the teeth not nearly reaching
the middle of the carapace. The great left-hand cheliped has a
total length of about 190 mm., the movable finger being 45 mm.

South African Crustacea. 41

and the dorsal margin of the palrn 40 mm. In bulk this
appendage appears nearly to equal all the rest of the animal,
which has a length of 140 mm., the carapace including rostrum
being 60 mm. The outer rarnus of the uropods is rather longer
than the inner. The broad brushes of hairs within the concave
finger and thumb of the smaller cheliped are a striking feature.

Another dried specimen measures 113 mm. in length, with large
cheliped 134 mm. long, finger 33 mm. and back of palm 31 mm. ;
upper teeth of rostrum 13. From Umgeni lagoon (Natal). Durban
Museum. A third specimen, from the Durban Museum and Durban
waters, 140 mm. long, with 12 upper teeth on the rostrum, has
the large cheliped on the right side, with the finger 38 mm. long,
and back of palm only 25 mm.

GEN. EUPAL^EMON, Ortmann.

1891. Palcemon (Eupaliemon) (group), Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.,

vol v., pp. 696, 697.
1897. Enpalcemon (sub-gen.), Ortmann, Eevista do Museu Paulista,

N. 2, p. 196.
1905. Palcemon (Eupalamori), Coutiere, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 8,

vol. xii., pp. 252, 266, 273, 287.

EUPAL^EMON RUDIS (Heller).

1862. Palcemon rudis, Heller, Verb. Zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, p. 527.

1866. Palcemon rudis, Heller, Eeise Novara Crust., p. 114.

1878. Palcemon Mossambicus, Hilgendorf, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin,

p. 839, pi. 4, fig. 17.
1891. Palcemon (Eupalcemon) rudis ('?), Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., vol. v.,

pp. 699, 716.
1891. Palcemon (Macrobrachium) mossambicus, Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., vol. v. p. 741.
1905. Palcemon (Eupalcemon) rudis, Coutiere, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 8,

vol. xii., pp. 273, 288, pi. 12, figs. 23, 24.

The first of the above references I have not seen, and for the
identification of Hilgendorf 's species with the earlier name given
by Heller I have been guided by Professor Coutiere's discussion.
He gives the following characters as distinctive of E. rudis. In
common with other members of the group, sub-genus, or genus, it
has the second pair of feet cylindrical, rarely unsyrnmetrical, fifth
joint longer than the fourth, palm riot depressed, cylindrical. In
common with E. idee (Heller) it has the carapace scabrous, but it has

42 Annals of the South African Museum.

the fifth joint of the second pair of feet shorter than the chela,
not longer as in P. idee, and for further distinction the fingers
are not short but as long as the palm, armed with two rows of
tubercles, and the chela covered with hairy felt. Hilgendorf him-
self recognised the close approximation of his species to Heller's
P. rudis, but found the chelae free from felt.

A specimen from Durban agrees with the characters given by
Coutiere, except that the felting appears to be almost completely
worn off. The rostral carina, which reaches slightly beyond the outer
tooth of the antennal plate, has 12 teeth above and 4 below. The
flagellum of the second antennae is 180 mm. long, the body of the
creature having a length of 125 mm. The long chelipeds are almost
exactly equal, the fourth joint 50, the fifth 70, and the sixth 110 mm.
long. The finger has a length of 58 mm. The apices of finger
and thumb are curved and cross one another, the inner margins
otherwise in closure being closely applied.

Locality. Durban. Two much smaller specimens from the same
waters appear to agree well with the one above noticed in general
character.

SCHIZOPODA.

1885. Scliizopoda, Sars, Challenger Schizopoda, Eeports, vol. xiii.

FAMILY LOPHOGASTKID^.

1885. Lophogastridce, Sars, Challenger Schizopoda, Eeports,
vol. xiii., p. 13.

1905. LophogastridcB (sub-order), H. J. Hansen, Bull. Mus. de

Monaco, No. 30, p. 5.

1906. Lophog astride, Ortmann, Proc. U.S. Mus., vol. xxxi., p. 23.

GEN. GNATHOPHAUSIA, von Willemoes Suhm.

1875. Gnathophausia, von Willemoes Suhm, Trans. Linn. Soc.

London, Ser. 2, vol. i., pt. 1, p. 28.
1885. Gnathopliausia, Sars, Challenger Schizopoda, Eeports,

vol. xiii., p. 20.

1905. Gnathophausia, Holt and Tattersall, Ann. Eep. Fish. Ireland,

1902-3, pt. 2, App. 4, p. 123.

1906. Gnathophausia, Ortmann, Proc. U.S. Mus., vol. xxxi., p. 27.
Sars, who, by an obvious misprint, makes the date of the genus

1879 instead of 1875, gives a synopsis of nine species. Ortmann,

South African Crustacea. 43

twenty-one years later, offers a synopsis still including the same
number of species. The two lists are not in entire agreement, but
very near to one another, although in the interval several species
had been recorded in addition to those mentioned by Sars. Ortmann,
however, disposes of them as follows. He regards G. bengalensis,
Wood-Mason, 1891, as a synonym of G. calcarata, Sars, G. brevi-
spinis, Wood-Mason and Alcock, 1891, and G. dentata, Faxon, 1893,
as synonyms of G. gracilis, Suhm, and G. drepanephora, Holt and
Tattersall, 1905, as the young stage of G. gigas, Suhm. He reduces
G. sarsi, Wood-Mason, 1891, to a variety of G. zoea, Suhm, and
makes G. willemoesi, Sars, a synonym of that species, finally
restoring the impaired total by himself instituting a new species,
G. scapularis.

GNATHOPHAUSIA CALCAKATA, G. 0. Sars.
1883. Gnathophausia calcarata, Sars, Forh. Selsk. Christiania,

No. 7, p. 5.
1885. Gnathopliausia calcarata, Sars, Challenger Schizopoda,

Eeports, vol. xiii., p. 35, pi. 4.
1906. Gnathopliausia calcarata, Ortmann, Proc. U.S. Mus., vol. xxxi.,

pp. 27, 30, pi. 1, fig. 2a-/.

The specimen has the antennal scale shaped exactly as figured by
Sars for this species. There are, however, seven unequal teeth on
the outer margin, where Sars speaks of five or six and Ortmann of
three to six. The rostrum is broken, but the remaining proximal
portion is consistent with an elongate termination. The lower hind
angles of the carapace are produced as long serrate spines. The
epimeral plate of the sixth pleon segment appears to be intermediate
between those represented in Orcmann's figures 2c and 2cZ.
Ortmann had the advantage of examining 40 specimens, ranging
from 42 mm. to about 115 mm. in length, and he found considerable
variation due to age in the ventral epimeral plate of the sixth pleon
segment, so that it was only in old specimens that the bifid points
of the epimera have the inner point much shorter than the outer.
In G. ing ens (Dohrn) the inner point is slightly the longer, but
Ortmann supposes it possible that in very old females G. calcarata
may assume this character, in which case the latter name would
become a synonym of G. ing ens, there being no other stable dis-
tinction between the two.

Length of specimen 62 mm., but had the rostrum been complete
and as long as the rest of the carapace, the total length would have
been at least 80 mm.

44 Annals of the South African Museum.

Locality. Cape Point, by D. E. N.E. f E. 40 miles ; depth, 720
to 800 fathoms ; bottom, green mud.

STOMATOPODA.
FAMILY SQUILLnXE.

GEN. SQUILLA, Fabricius.

1793. Squilla, Fabricius, But. Syst., vol. ii., p. 511.

1902. Squilla, Stebbing, South African Crustacea, pt. 2, p. 43.

SQUILLA NEPA, Latreille.

1825. Squilla nepa, Latreille, Encycl. Meth. Hist. Nat., x., p. 471.
1894. Squilla nepa, Bigelow, Proc. U.S. Mus., vol. xvii.,pp. 511, 535,
fig. 21.

1903. Squilla nepa, Nobili, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. xviii.,

N. 452, p. 23, and N. 455, p. 38.

A discussion of the synonymy is supplied in Dr. Bigelow's
treatise. The question is rather complicated, for Latreille, by giving
a reference to Herbst's figure of Mantis digitalis (Naturg. Krabben
und Krebse, pi. 33, fig. 1), appears to identify his species with that
represented by Herbst. The latter authority, however, does not
claim a new species. He adopts the preoccupied Mantis as a
substitute for Squilla, and then very sensibly remarks, " As I have
given the generic name Mantis to this whole family, I have not
been able to give that name to this single species. He thought it
was out of the question to call a species Mantis mantis, and therefore
in place of Squilla mantis, Auctorum, wrote Mantis digitalis. It is
fairly certain that he confused a new species with the old one, but
it cannot be positively affirmed that his figure represents Latreille's
Squilla nepa. Dr. Bigelow points out that Latreille's original de-
scription covers t\vo distinct forms, already carefully distinguished
by Berthold in 1845, as respectively S. nepa, Latreille, and S. affinis.
In regard to these he says, " As Berthold was the first to separate
these species, we should undoubtedly follow his nomenclature,
regarding the small-eyed form as S. nepa, Latreille, and giving his
name S. affinis to the other. Berthold' s description of the latter is
very complete, is accompanied by measurements and figures, and
was published years before de Haan's. I cannot see that de Haan
had any warrant for replacing Berthold' s name for this species by
one of his own, and the latter should be dropped." As against this

South African Crustacea. 45

last conclusion, however, it has to be considered that, though de
Haan's description of his Squilla oratorio, was not published till
1849, the named drawing of it (pi. 51, fig. 2) in the Atlas of the
Crustacea Japonica antedates Berthold's paper. While giving the
reference to Berthold's S. affinis as a synonym of S. oratoria, de
Haan, the Dutch writer clearly makes this claim, when he says,
"the name of the species on the long since published plate holds
good." Certainly the distinguishing marks of S. affinis, so far as
they are explained by Berthold and accepted by Dr. Bigelow, seem
to be made sufficiently clear in de Haan's figure of S. oratoria.
The principal points are that this species has large triangular eyes,
with corneal axis oblique and at least as long as the peduncular axis,
the median carina of the carapace not bifurcated for more than one-
fourth of its length, and the finger of the raptorial claw with outer
margin little or not at all sinuate. Dr. Nobili (loc. cit. 1903)
describes a form from Nias and Singapore under the name Squilla
affinis, Berthold, var. intermedia.

Squilla ncpa, as described by Dr. Bigelow, has very small eyes,
the corneal axis at right angles to the peduncular and about three-
fourths its length, the median carina of the carapace bifurcate for
nearly or more than half its length, and the finger of the raptorial
claw deeply sinuate on its outer margin. The specimen sent me
from the Durban Museum agrees with these and other characters
given by the same author. The first three exposed thoracic segments
are variously bilobed at the sides. The distal border of the telson
has between the six marginal spines on each half three submedian,
ten intermediate, and one lateral denticle.

Length of specimen, from front of rostrum to a point level with
apex of hindmost telsonic spines, 145 mm. A second specimen,
dried, is 155 mm. long, with intermediate spines 8 and 9 in number.

Locality. Durban.

ISOPODA GENUINA.

TRIBE FLABELLIFEEA.

FAMILY EUEYDICIDvE.

1880. Cirol-anidte, Harger, Eep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1878, p. 304.
1890. Cirolanidce, Hansen, Vid. Selsk. Skr., Ser. 6, vol. iii., p. 275.
1905. EurydicidcB, Stebbing, in Herdman's Eep. Ceylon Pearl
Fisheries, pt. iv., Isopoda, p. 10.

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

GEN. CONILOKPHEUS, Stebbing.

1905. Conilorpheus, Stebbing, in Herdman's Rep. Ceylon Pearl
Fisheries, pt. iv., Isopoda, pp. 11, 13.

For the reception of a second species the character of the genus
must be slightly modified. In the type species, C. herdmani, the
inner plate of the first maxillae carries four plumose setae. The
form about to be described, however, has only three such setae in
accord with the more general custom of the family. Here also the
process of the peduncle of the uropods is not exceptionally elongate.

In the Isopoda of the Pearl Fisheries Report a synoptic table of the
Eurydicidse distinguishes the genus Hansenolana, with head and
trunk broad, from Conilera and Conilorpheus, with head and trunk
narrow. But for the last genus the distinction must now be limited
to the narrowness of the head, since the trunk of the new Conilor-
pheus is of considerable breadth.

CONILORPHEUS SCUTIFEONS, n. sp.
Plate XXXI.

The single specimen was difficult to figure and dissect on account
of its condition. The front part as far as the fourth peraeon segment
was tolerably firm, but in preparation for sloughing, as the new
mouth-organs could be seen within the old. The after-part of the
specimen, on the contrary, was soft and papyraceous, evidently the
result of recent exuviation.

The species is at once distinguished from C. herdmani by the width
of the frontal plate, the broad trunk, the tuberculate ornamentation
of peraeon and pleon, and the narrower apex of the telsonic segment.

The head is less than half the width of the peraeon, the rostral
point obtuse, with the frontal lamina extending from below much in
advance of it. The anterior margin of the plate is divided into three
lobes, of which the middle one is the most advanced, the sides each
with a small notch contributing to form a square escutcheon on a
curved base narrowly attached to the epistome.

The first segment of the peraeon is large, nearly encasing the head;
its hinder angles are rounded. The next three segments are short,
transversely marked with conspicuous lines ; their side-plates are
squarish. The fifth, sixth, and seventh segments are large, with
more elongated side-plates, and each having a submarginal row of
tubercles or denticles. Each of these little processes is furnished
with a setule, to which is probably due the sharpened appearance

South African Crustacea. 47

suggestive of a denticle, although the same object more highly
magnified is quite obtuse. The third and fourth segments of the
pleon, and the fifth, which is overlapped by the fourth, are similarly
ornamented.

The telsonic segment has some fourteen tubercles symmetrically
arranged, six in a triangular group near the base, and the rest in
pairs. Its sides are strongly convex till near the depressed terminal
portion, which is narrow, fringed with plumose setae, and at the
rounded apex carries six spines.

The eyes are oval, not very large, as wide apart as the dimensions
of the head permit. The antennae are short. In the first pair the
second joint is stout, but only a little longer than the first or the
narrow third ; the tapering flagellurn is eight-jointed, not quite so
long as the peduncle. In the second pair the first three joints are
short, the fourth stouter than the fifth but slightly shorter, the
flagellum subequal in length to the peduncle, thirteen-jointed.

The cutting edge in the mandibles has slender teeth ; there is a
spine-row of four slender curved spines ; the molar-plate is small,
fringed with only about ten teeth. The smooth first joint of the
palp is about as long as the curved and spinose third joint. The
inner plate of the first maxillae carries three setae, the outer plate
eleven spines, some of which are a little denticulate. The inner plate
of the second maxillae has several seta-like spines ; the middle and
outer plates have each four or five, one maxilla having the smaller
number, the other the larger, on both plates. The maxillipeds have
the second joint considerably longer than broad, not including the
hook-bearing plate, which carries also three setae. The large fifth
joint is fringed with five setae on the outer margin of one maxilliped,
with only four in its companion.

The first gnathopod is robust, with four stout spines on the hind
margin of the fourth joint, fifth joint triangular, sixth very convex
in front, the finger stout, with a dark-coloured blunt nail, narrower
than the trunk, of which the hind margin forms a squared tubercle
just in advance of the nail. The second gnathopod and first peraeo-
pod are successively smaller, and differ from the first gnathopod by
having the fifth joint more overlapped by the fourth, more squared,
the sixth joint less widened, and the peculiarities of the finger less
demonstrative. The following pairs of perasopods are of more slender
structure, successively longer, with several slender spines, especially
on the apices of the fourth and fifth joints. In all the finger has a
small process with intervening setule in advance of the nail.

As in the type species, so here, the first pleopod has the inner

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

plate much narrower than the outer, and the second pleopod has the
masculine appendix attached just above the middle of the inner margin
of the inner ramus. It descends a little below the ramus, and here has
the apex not acute, but rounded. The outer ramus of the uropod is
fringed with setae and has five spines on each margin. It is shorter
than the inner ramus and only about half as broad. The inner
ramus is fringed with about a dozen spines and numerous plumose
seise.

Length, about 7 mm.

Locality. Between Bird Island and mainland, in 10-16 fathoms.

The specific name alludes to the escutcheon-shaped frontal lamina.

FAMILY SPH^ROMID^E.

1902. Splueromid, Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 2, p. 64.

1904. Sph&romidce, Stebbing, Gardiner's Fauna of Maldive and

Lace. Arch., vol. ii., pt. 3, p. 710.

1905. SphcsromidcB, Stebbing, Herdman's Rep. Ceylon Pearl Fisheries,

pt. iv., Isopoda, p. 29.

1905. SphcBromida, H. Richardson, Bulletin U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54,
p. 270.

1905. Sphc&romida (part), H. J. Hansen, Quart. J. Microsc. Sci.,

vol. xlix., pt. 1, p. 69.

1906. SphceromidcB, Nobili, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., No. 5, p. 268.

The present occasion is not appropriate for giving a full biblio-
graphy of recent contributions to this family. Dr. Hansen has made
it the subject of a highly important revision, dividing it in the larger
sense into three sub-families Limnoriinae, Sphaerominaa, Plakar-
thriinae. In the second of these, with which we are here concerned,
he distinguishes three groups Sph. hemibranchiatae, eubranchiatae,
and platybranchiatse. It is to the purpose here to notice that in the
first group Hansen accepts Sphceroma terebrans. Bate, Exo-
sphceroma gigas (Leach), E. lanceolatum (White), and possibly E.
scabriculum (Heller), but he regards my E. validum, and E. setulosum
as respectively the young male and the female of a species of
Cymodoce, to which genus he likewise refers my E. amplifrons.
Parasphceroma premiums, Stebbing, is placed by Hansen in the
third group.

With regard to Heller's species Hansen says : " In a species from
Simon's Bay, at Cape, closely allied to or identical with Sphceroma
scabriculum (Hell.), the end of abdomen in the female is as in Exo-

South African Crustacea. 49

Sphceroma, while in the male a notch, as in the male Dynamenella
(compare the diagnosis below) is observed ; the specimen described
by Heller is evidently a male. The female of the species seen by
me cannot be separated from Exosphceroma, while the structure
in the male alluded to is very curious. For various reasons
I omit this form from the conspectus, hoping to obtain more
material of allied species " (loc. cit. p. 102). In a further note
Hansen says : " The genera Exosphceroma, Isocladus, and Zuzara
(with Cycloidura as a synonym) are so closely allied that the females
can scarcely be separated, while it is easy to refer the adult males to
their respective genera. When more species are known it will
probably be necessary to unite them, preserving the name Zuzara
for the genus. If that be not done, it will be necessary to establish
a new genus for Sphceroma scabriculum (Hell.), and perhaps some
other species " (loc. cit. p. 103).

GEN. SPH^ROMA, Bosc.

1802. Sphceroma, Bosc, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. ii., p. 182.

1905. Sphceroma, Stebbing, Herdman's Eep. Ceylon Pearl Fisheries,

pt. iv., Isopoda, p. 31.
1905. Sphceroma, Hansen, Quart. J. Microsc. Sci., vol xlix., pt. 1,

p. 115.

SPH.EROMA TEREBRANS, Bate.

1866. Sphceroma terebrans, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, vol. xvii.,
p. 28, pi. 2, fig. 5.

1904. Sphceroma terebrans, Stebbing, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii., pt. 5,

p. 16, pi. 4.

1905. Sphceroma terebrans, H. Richardson, Bulletin U.S. Nat. Mus.,

No. 54, p. 282.

1905. Sphceroma terebrans, Hansen, Quart. J. Microsc. Sci., vol. xlix.,,
pt. 1, p. 116.

There is a divergence of opinion between Miss Richardson and
myself as to the distinctness of her species S. destructor from Bate's
S. terebrans. Under the references given above, the arguments will
be found fully stated for the opposing views. Hansen offers no
decision.

Two specimens not distinguishable, as it seems to me, from those
which Dr. Willey found in Ceylon, have been sent me from South
Africa. Their depredations had been carried on at Gamtoos River
bridge.

4

50 Annals of the Soutlt African Museum.

FAMILY LIMNOEIID^E.

1850. Limnoriada, White, List of British Crust, in Brit. Mus., p. 68.
1880. Limnoriidcs, Harger, Rep. U.S. Fisheries, part 6, p. 371.

GEN. LIMNORIA, Leach.

1814. Limnoria, Leach, Edinb. Encycl., vol. vii., p. 433.
1904. Limnoria, Stebbing, Gardiner's Fauna Maldive and Laccadive
Arch., vol. ii., pt. 3, p. 713.

Under the last reference a key is given to the four species of this
genus.

LIMNOKIA LIGNORUM (J. Rathke).

1799. Cymothoa lignorum, J. Rathke, Naturh. Selsk. Skr., vol. v.,

p. 101, pi. 3, fig. 14.

1814. Limnoria terebrans, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vol. vii., p. 433.
1857. Limnoria lignorum, White, Popular Hist. Brit. Crust., p. 227,

pi. 12, fig. 5.

1904. Limnoria lignorum, Stebbing, Gardiner's Fauna Maldive

and Laccadive Arch., vol. ii., p. 714.

Harger (he. cit. p. 373) gives a synonymy of this species to the
date of his work. The specimens sent me from the Cape, together
with some of the timber they had been perforating, were obtained by
Thomas Reeve, Esq., at Port Elizabeth. I have ascertained by dis-
section that they agree with the description and figures of the
European species by Sars in his Crustacea of Norway. The maxilli-
peds have the lanceolate epipod shorter than the second joint, and the
uropods have the little outer ramus unguiform. Harger figures
these characters also for his North American specimens.

TRIBE VALVIFEEA.

FAMILY ASTACILLLLXE.

1897. Astacillidce, Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii., p. 88 (Arcturidce,

p. 86).
1901. Astacillidce, Ohlin, Svenska Exp. till Magellansland, vol. ii.,

p. 265.

1905. Arcturidce, H. Richardson, Bulletin U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54,

p. 323.

South African Crustacea. 51

1905. Astacillidce, Stebbing, Herdman's Eep. Ceylon Pearl Fisheries,
pt. iv., Isopoda, pp. 43, 46.

This family, as at present constituted, includes the genera Asta-
cilla, Cordiner, 1793, Arcturus, Latreille, 1804, Arcturella, Sars, 1897,
Antarcturus, zur Strassen, 1902, Pleuroprion, zur Strassen, 1903.
Arcturides, Studer, has been transferred by Ohlin to a different
family. In establishing Arcturella for his own Astacilla dilatata,
Sars speaks of that as being " as yet the only known species of the
genus." But I am inclined to think that both Leachia nodosa, Dana,
1849, and its close ally, Arc turns corniger, Stebbing, 1873, ought to
be also referred to it, as well as Arcturus damnoniensis , Stebbing,
already transferred by Norman in 1904. In 1902 zur Strassen trans-
ferred all the species from tropical and southern waters at that date
reposing in the genus Arctums, a score in number, to his new genus
Antarcturus. If this cleavage be accepted, it will probably be
followed by further generic subdivision, when some of the species
have been described in more detail. Miss Harriet Eichardson has
given an analytical key to the North American genera of the family,
among which Arcturella and Antarcturus are not included. In Asta-
cilla and Arcturella the marsupiurn of the female is formed by a
single pair of plates attached to the fourth perseon segment. In
Pleuroprion Miss Eichardson gives the character, "marsupiurn as in
the genus Arcturus." But here a difficulty arises. According to Sars
and Eichardson, in Arcturus the marsupium is composed of three
pairs of plates issuing from the second, third, and fourth segments of
the perseon. Studer and Beddard, on the other hand, assign to this
marsupium four pairs of plates, Studer in 1884 carefully figuring
and describing the four pairs in the female of his Arcturus furcatus.
This is in agreement with the new species about to be described.
Unfortunately several species may have been assigned to Arcturus
or Antarcturus without determination of this character. In such
cases as those of Beddard's Arcturus spinifrons and Arcturus myops,
when only males or what appeared to be males were obtained, such
determination was obviously out of the question. Neither for
Antarcturus oryx nor for Pleuroprion chuni, the typical species of
his new genera, does zur Strassen give the number of the marsupial
plates. It is therefore with some reserve that this character is
employed in the following key :

I Marsupium formed by one pair of plates 2.
' | Marsupium formed by more than one pair of plates 3.

f Fourth perseon segment much elongated 1. Astacilla.

I Fourth perseon segment not much elongated 2. Arcturellu .

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

., (Finger of first gnathopod diminutive 3. Arcturus.

| Finger of first gnathopod well developed 4.

. \ Side-plates of second to seventh perseon segments distinct . . 4. Antarcturus.

I Side-plates of person segments not distinct 5. Pleuroprion.

Cordiner's work, to which the premier genus of the family is due,
was published in numbers, unpaged, " without any regard to order or
connection." The plate of Astacillce, &c., bears the date, " Pub-
lished Dec r . 28, 1793 by Peter Mazell Engraver No. 32 Bridges
Street Covent Garden." An introductory address, signed by Charles
Cordiner and Peter Mazell, is dated July 1, 1788. An editorial
"Order of Publication. New arrangement," gives 24 numbers,
placing the Astacillce in No. xxi.

GEN. ANTAECTUEUS, zur Strassen.

1902. Antarcturus, zur Strassen, Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. xxv.,

p. 686.

1903. Antarcturus, zur Strassen, in Chun, Aus den Tiefen des

Weltmeeres, ed. 2, pp. 189, 561.

With regard to the distribution of the genus Arcturus in the un-
restricted sense, zur Strassen observed that only in the cooler seas
did its representatives ascend to the surface waters, and further, that
a zone of the globe between 20 and 50 of northern latitude was
quite without examples of this otherwise ubiquitous genus. Upon
closer examination he convinced himself that the group of species
living north of the empty zone was generically distinct from the
group to the south of it. Accordingly with the type species Arcturus
baffini (Sabine) he placed A. tuberosus, Sars, A. longis])inis, Benedict,
A. glabrus, Benedict, A. beringanus, Benedict, and with slightly less
certainty Arcturus hystrix, Sars, A. murdochi, Benedict, A. inter-
medius, Eichardson. For the southern species he established
Antarcturus and Antares, in the following year changing the latter
name, which was preoccupied, into Pleuroprion, to which Miss
Eichardson, in 1905, transfers A. hystrix, A. murdochi, and A. inter-
medium. In Antarcturus the first perseon segment is not produced
downward and forward to cover the mouth-organs and base of the
first gnathopods ; the finger of the first gnathopods is strongly
developed, and these limbs themselves are fairly robust ; the three
following pairs of limbs are laterally prominent and geniculate.

These characters given by zur Strassen should, no doubt, be rein-
forced by the addition that the marsupium is composed of four pairs
of plates, since the type species .1. oryx is said to stand very near to

South African Crustacea. 53

A. furcatus, Studer, in which, as already explained, the marsupium
is so constituted.

The species A. myops, Beddard, with eyes that appear to be sight-
less, and A. oculatus, Beddard, with eyes that are pedunculate, though
the stalks are unjointed, in these respects stand apart from the rest
of the group. Arcturus longicornis, Haswell, supposed to come from
Tasmania, has a preoccupied name, and the same author's Arcturus
brevicornis, from Australia, appears to be awaiting closer identifi-
cation.

The species referred or referable to Antarcturus appear to be the
following : A. coppingeri, Miers, 1881, A. furcatus, Studer, 1884 (1882),
A. glacialis, A. spinosus, A. anna, A. cornutus, A. spinifrons, A. pur-
piireus, A. brunneus, A. abi/ssicola, A. myops, A. studeri, A. oculatus,
A. americanus, A. stebbingi, all these thirteen instituted by Beddard
in 1886, A.tenuisrjinis and A. multispinis, both established by Benedict
in 1898, A. patagonicus and A. kophameli by Axel Ohlin in 1901, A.
caribbcBiis, Eichardson, 1901, A. oryx, zur Strassen, 1902, A. polaris,
A. adareanus, and A. franklini, described by T. V. Hodgson in 1902,
A. siniplicissimus, A. dentatus, A. alcicornis, A.nodosus, A. serrulatus,
published by Whitelegge in 1904, with A. kladophoros about to be
described. To this formidable list should probably be added A. flori-
danus, Eichardson, 1900, but, as this species was taken at Fernandina
in Florida, above 30 North latitude, it far invades the zone which
zur Strassen supposed to be devoid of Arcturi in the unrestricted
sense of the term.

ANTAKCTUBUS KLADOPHOROS, n. sp.
Plate XXXII.

The species is not more spinose than several other members of the
genus, some of which much surpass it in the length and strength of
the spines they display. But none hitherto described have spines of
the peculiar branching character here found, except A. alcicornis,
Whitelegge, 1904, which, however, otherwise differs from the present
species in several respects.

The head is squarely excavate in front, each of the lateral lobes
carrying three or four small spines in advance of the dark red promi-
nent facetted eyes, between which rise two simple and two rnultifid
spines, while from the rear rise two long processes, blunt at the apex
and branching into two spines and two blunt processes. The peraeon
segments increase in width to the third and in length to the fourth,
this last being twice as long as the third, but tapering backwards.

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

As in the head so in the peraeon, the middle of the back is compara-
tively smooth, but other parts are armed with a multitude of very
unequal spines, the largest occupying prominences on the flanks of
the first four segments. In the first three there are also small sub-
divided spines nearer the middle, and the fourth has a notable pair
of backward curving spines near its hind margin. The remaining
segments of the peraeon and the whole pleon are pretty well covered
with little spines, some of which are much smaller than others. The
pleon has two decided, but apparently quite unsutured, transverse
dorsal furrows in advance of the telsonic segment. The latter carries
no very strong spines, and slopes rather abruptly down to a smoothly
rounded apex. The dividing line between the head and first peraeon
segment is well marked.

As noted by Beddard for other species, the side-plates of the
fourth peraeon segment here evidently help to support the ovigerous
lamellae. They here form a narrow strip directed obliquely backward,
with a dentate process directed forward from the fore margin. In
advance of these the segment displays a pair of little rounded wings.

The first antennae have a spine-like tooth on the short broad first
joint ; the two following joints are much narrower than the first but
not much shorter, together scarcely as long as the one-jointed
flagellum, which has a couple of filaments at four or five points of
the margin, and an apical group of four.

The second antennae have a tooth process on the short first joint,
a close set group of six such processes on the longer second, and
seven or eight more sparsely arranged on the much longer third
joint ; the fifth joint is a little shorter than the fourth, both being
very long and slender, with a few setules ; the flagellum is five-
jointed, about three-fifths as long as the last joint of the peduncle
and longer than its first three joints combined. On one of these
appendages there is a little apical tooth, which may represent a sixth
joint.

The upper lip is somewhat unsymmetrical, with a decided emargi-
nation. The mandibles are robust, with the cutting plate quadri-
dentate, the accessory plate at least in one mandible tridentate, the
spine-row consisting of few spines, the molar powerful. The first
maxillae have three plumose setae on the inner plate, and eleven
spines on the outer plate of one maxilla, while on that of its partner
there seemed to be only ten. The low y er lip and second maxillae
are of the usual character. The maxillipeds have the second joint
surmounted by a broad plate which seems to form two leaves ; to
what extent these are separated remains doubtful ; on neither could

South, African Crustacea. 55

any coupling-hooks be perceived ; the fifth joint of the palp is well
developed, but blunt, not at all finger-like. The epipod is broad
throughout, not lanceolate.

The first gnathopods are small, with a denticle high up on the
second joint, the fourth joint short and bulb-like, the sixth nearly as
long as the second, the finger broad, with its nail almost hidden
among long serrate setae. They carry marsupial plates folded within
the following pair. The second gnathopods and first peraeopods
are similar to the second peraeopods, but shorter and with small
dentate side-plates. All three pairs carry very extensive marsupial
plates. The second to the fifth joints are furnished with a
variety of spine processes, the fourth having a specially blunt apical
process. The fifth joint is as long as the second in the second
peraeopods, but exceeds it in length in the two preceding pairs of
limbs ; the sixth joint is slender, not so long as the fifth, and ends
in a slender nail-like finger which is itself tipped by a long spine ; the
third to the sixth joints carry numerous long setae.

The last three pairs of peraeopods are as usual distinct in character
from the preceding limbs, but similar one to another, although
successively shorter. In the third peraeopods the second joint is
considerably longer than the sixth, but little or not at all longer than
that joint in the two following pairs. This second joint is notable for
its variety of spine-processes, among which are one or two that are
blunt ; the third joint is also armed, but the remainder are content
with a few needle-like and feathered spinules and setules ; the
finger is rather robust, with a little tooth on the inner margin in
advance of the nail.

The first pleopods have the peduncle armed along one margin with
a long row of thirteen or more little glittering teeth, and on the
opposite or inner margin with about eight hooked spines.

The uropods are diversified with numerous little denticles on the
outer surface ; the distal part of the hinge margin is fringed with
plumose setae. The exposed ramus is very small, rather broader than
long, with a little subapical spinule ; the concealed ramus is about as
long, but less than half as broad, and has four graduated slightly
curved spines on the distal margin.

The length of the specimen was 17 mm., not including the second
antennae, which also measured 17 mm.

The spots and dendritic markings, and the extraneous substances,
including foraminifera, entangled among the processes of the body
and limbs, cause some difficulty in distinguishing the number and
shapes of the various ornaments.

56 Annals of the South African Museum.

Locality. Cape St. Blaize, N. by B. 73 miles ; at a depth of
125 fathoms ; bottom, sand and shells.

The specific name, meaning branch-bearing, from K\acoe, a branch,
refers to the peculiar processes on the head and trunk.

In A. alcicornis Whitelegge describes two prominent spines on the
frontal region of the head, each with an accessory spine immediately
below, a stoutish bifurcated spine on each side of the first peraeon
segment, and four short antler-like spines on each of the second and
third segments. Thus the pair of long antlered processes on the
back of the head in the South African species are evidently not
present in the Australian. In the latter the third joint of the first
antennae is only one-third as long as the second ; the maxillipeds
have large lanceolate epipods and the first two joints of the palp
subequal ; the first gnathopods have the finger curved ; the sixth
joint in the first and second perseopods is said to be progressively
shorter than that of the second gnathopods, whereas in the African
species this joint is as long in the first peraeopods as in the preceding
limbs, and the other differences are sufficiently sho'wn by the
drawings here given. Whitelegge's specimen, with second antennas
wanting, was an adult female, body about 10mm. long. He describes
at the same time four other new species of Arcturus from South
Australia, three of which also have dentate limbs.

TRIBE EPICARIDEA.

1893. Epicaridea, Stebbing, History of Crustacea, p. 392.

1897. Epicaridea, Hansen, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard,

vol. xxxi., p. 111.

1898. Epicaridea, Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii., p. 193.

1905. Epicaridea (or Bopyroidea), H. Kichardson, Bulletin U.S.

Nat. Mus., No. 54, p. 497.

1906. " Bopiridi," Nobili, Ace. E. Sci. Torino, vol. xli. (extr.),

FAMILY BOPYRHXE.

1893. Bopyridce, Stebbing, History of Crustacea, p. 408.
1898. Bopyridce, Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii., p. 195.
1900. Bopyridce, Bonnier, Travaux de la Station zool. de Wimereux,
vol. viii., p. 218.

The name is still elastic. The limits of the family, which have
been variously stretched and contracted, approach a settlement in

South African Crustacea. 57

M. Jules Bonnier's authoritative work. Therein he accepts two
divisions of the Epicaridea, called respectively Cryptoniscinse and
Bopyrin.se, thus using terminations commonly regarded as indicative
of sub-families under which to group numerous families. To his
Bopyrinse he assigns the Dajidae, Phryxidse, Bopyridas, and the
Entoniscidae, of which the first three were provisionally retained by
Sars in the family Bopyridae. The family is restricted by Bonnier to
parasites in the branchial cavity of decapod crustaceans.

GEN. BATHYGYGE, Hansen.

1897. Bathygyge, Hansen, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard,

vol. xxxi., p. 122.
1900. Bathygyge, Bonnier, Travaux de la Station zool. de Wimereux,

vol. viii., p. 290.
1905. Bathygyge, H. Eichardson, Bulletin U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54,

pp. 499, 537.

Hansen does not separate the generic from the specific characters.
Bonnier says that the pleon of the female suffices to characterise the
genus, as it has no side-plates, and the uropods, like the pleopods,
are biramous.

BATHYGYGE GKANDIS, Hansen.
Plate XXXIII.

1897. Bathygyge grandis, Hansen, Bull. Mus. Comp. zool., vol. xxxi.,

p. 122, pi. 6, figs. 2-2c.
1900. Bathygyge grandis, Bonnier, Travaux zool. Wimereux, vol. viii.,

p. 291, fig. in text.
1905. Bathygyge grandis, Eichardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54,

p. 537, fig. in text.

Hansen' s account, on which the other two depend, was based on
a male specimen and the fragment of a female. The latter consisted
of the pleon with the terminal part of the perseon bearing three legs
on one side and two on the other. They had occupied the branchial
cavity of Glyphocrangon spinulosa, Faxon, taken from a depth of
676 fathoms, in lat. 21 15' N., long. 106 23' W.

That the South African specimens here figured belong to Hausen's
genus and species seems exceedingly probable, although, as
Hansen had only a portion of a female at his disposal and has not
figured that portion, some element of doubt remains. The carapace
of the African Glyphocrangon on the right side was enormously dis-
torted by the swollen marsupium of its female tenant. Her eggs form

58 Annals of the South African Museum.

an immense mass, and owing to the very distended condition of the
marsupium its first plates are more visible on the dorsal than 011 the
ventral aspect. Also one or two of the lateral lobes are forced back
over the head. As in Bonnier's genus Orbionc, the peraeon is of
great breadth, the general outline of the body being almost circular.
The rather small pleon is turned sharply to the left, with the first
three segments very distinct. The remainder may be equally so,
but their smaller size and pale colour make the observation difficult.
The rnaxillipeds make a near approach to those figured by Bonnier
for Pleiirocrypta hendersoni and P. porcdlancs, and by Hansen for
Cryptione elongata. The little un jointed palp is here rather thickly
fringed with setse on the inner margin. My dissection was not
sufficiently successful to show the articulations displayed in Hansen's
figure, so that my drawing does not distinguish the maxilliped itself
from that hind border of the head which carries at its angle the two
fleshy lobes represented.

The limbs of the peraeon, though longer, are less robust in the
female than in the male. The sixth joint is oblong with a slight
curvature, the small palm having a little emargination almost
masked by the tightly clasped finger.

Concerning the pleon, Hansen says : " Pleural plates not developed.
The pleopods quite soft, of medium size, decreasing conspicuously in
size from before backwards and attached to the lateral margin ; each
pleopod consists of a short peduncle and two lamellar oblong rami ;
the outer ramus much larger than the inner one. The uropods
biramous ; the outer ramus a little smaller than the outer of the
fifth pleopod, the inner ramus very short, almost rudimentary. The
pleopods are curled to such a degree that it would have been
impossible without much construction to draw a sketch of the
abdomen." Rashly, perhaps, in face of the last clause, I offer an
outline of the pleon in dorsal view, so far as I have been able to
make it out, for comparison with the verbal description.

The male was attached to the left side of the female, as shown in
the figures, with his pleon adjacent to her third peraeon segment,
and his head placed on the right side of her uropods. The relatively
great size of this sex, the incisions separating the segments of the
peraeon, the pleon without pleopods or uropods, the antennae and
mouth organs, the limbs with deeply concave palm, are all in agree-
ment with Hansen's figures and description. Here the front margin
of the head is evenly rounded, not flattened, as in Hansen's specimen ;
but the difference is trivial. Here the pleon on the underside
shows a partial longitudinal and two transverse folds. Also there

South African Crustacea. 59

is a little projecting point at the middle of the apical margin, and the
sides are crenulate as if in reminiscence of earlier segmentation.
But these characters, which Hansen does not notice, only became
conspicuous after the pleon had been detached. The stilet-like
mandible shows a microscopic serration at the distal end. The
almost linear maxilliped has a terminal seta.

The male has a faint greenish tinge, as contrasted with the pallid
colour of the female. The relation of these tints to the colours of
the living animals is uncertain.

Size. The female measures 11 mm. in length, and about the
same in breadth. The male attains the unusual length of 8 mm.,
with a breadth of 2-5 mm.

Locality. Cape Point N.E. by E. E. 40 miles ; depth, 800-900
fathoms; bottom, green mud. In Glyphocrangon sculptus (S. I.
Smith).

AMPHIPODA.

GAMMARIDEA.
FAMILY LYSIANASSID2E.

For the families in this tribe a general reference may be given to
Das Tierreich, Lieferung 21, 1906. But continually additions are
being made to the number of genera and species.

GEN. TKISCHIZOSTOMA, Boeck.
1853. Guerinia (preocc.), Hope MS., Costa, Fauna Eeg. Napoli,

Apr., 1853, p. 1.

1861. Trischizostoma, Boeck, Forh. Skand. Naturf., Mode 8, p. 637.
1893. Guerina, Delia Valle, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel,

vol. xx., p. 775.

1905. Guerinella, Chevreux, Bull. Mus. Monaco, No. 35, p. 7.

1906. Trischizostoma, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 12.
The rather rare crustaceans for which Hope and Costa, in 1853,

established the genus Guerinia present some remarkable and some
still perplexing features. The original generic name being pre-
occupied must be relinquished. In my opinion its place should be
taken by Trischizostoma, which was independently denned by Boeck
in 1861. That author thought it advisable to assign it to a distinct
tribe, Prostomatae, which, however, he subsequently reduced to a
family, Prostomatidse. In the meantime Lilljeborg had named a

60 Annals of the South African Museum.

sub-family Trischizostomatina, for which Sars, iu 1882, substituted
the family name Trischizostomidae, improved by Bovallius, in 1886,
into Trischizostomatidae. In the preface to the report on the
Challenger Amphipoda (1888), I remarked that " the Prostom-
atidae are in close relationship with the Lysianassidae, and
might, in my view, well be included in the older family." This
opinion has been fully confirmed by Professor Sars in his " Crustacea
of Norway," vol. i., p. 30 (1890). It is unfortunate that Boeck,
Bovallius, and Sars, when discussing and figuring the species called
T. rascJm, by Boeck, appear to have been in ignorance of Costa's
Guerinia nicceensis, so that they have expressed no opinion as to the
identity or distinctness of the Norwegian and Mediterranean forms,
which until recently I have regarded as specifically one. Delia
Valle, on the other hand, has separated them not only specifically
but generically, substituting the name Guerina for the preoccupied
Guerinia. He admits the great superficial similarity of the two
forms, but in his contrasted generic definitions makes out a strong
case for keeping them apart. Thus, Guerina has the mandibles
with moderately broad trunk, the first maxillae without inner plate
and with the palp reduced to a little simple tubercle, the second
maxillae with the inner plate short, carrying a single setule, the
maxillipeds with the first joint of the palp longer than the second,
the first and second peraeopods with the second joint much dilated.
Trischizostoma has the mandibles with very narrow trunk, the first
maxillifi with inner plate and with minute, slender, two-jointed palp,
the second maxillaa with the plates subequal, the inner carrying
various little setules, the maxillipeds with the first joint of the palp
considerably shorter than the second, the first and second pergeopods
with the second joint not dilated.

Before attributing overwhelming weight to these differences, one
must remember that the Scandinavian authors had, among adult
examples of their genus, only females to examine, while the three
specimens assigned by Delia Valle to his genus were, he says, prob-
ably all males. The mouth-organs are very delicate in structure,
and, as often happens in tubiform arrangements, not very easy to
separate. When successfully drawn apart their appearance, after
flattening out, is in some respects extremely different from that
which they bore in their natural position. There is also scarcely
any doubt that some of the details differ with the age of the
specimen.

Some additional light may be thrown on the question by specimens
from South Africa, which certainly require a new specific name, but

South African Crustacea. 61

may rest contentedly in Trischizostoma, unless that genus be
separated from Guerina. They have the monstrous eyes and huge
peculiar first gnathopods which are so remarkable alike in T. raschii
and G. nicceensis. They have the mandibles of the latter, the first
maxillae of the former. As to the first joint of the palp in the
maxillipeds, they agree better with the latter than the former. But
they differ from both in the shape of the side-plates to the second
gnathopods and the first and second perseopods, in the second joint
of the fifth perasopods and still more in the flattened leaf-like
appearance of the sixth joint, and lastly in having the telson divided
for two-fifths of its length. The specimens are certainly of the male
sex, and perhaps not fully adult, as the torsion of the first gnathopods
had not been effected or not completed. To have three genera for
three (or possibly only two) species, which share characters so very
notable, while the real or supposed differences refer chiefly to
degraded mouth-organs, seems to me to be for the present un-
advisable.

In the new species the first maxilla has a well-pronounced inner
plate of slight texture, an outer plate with five spine-teeth on the
apex, four of them much curved, and a small one- or two-jointed
palp tipped with a long seta. For T. raschii, Boeck describes the
first maxilla as consisting apparently only of the outer plate ;
Bovallius endows it further with a one-jointed palp, Sars alone
awarding to it a slender unarmed inner plate together with " a very
minute, but distinctly biarticulate " palp. The supposed absence
of the inner plate cannot, therefore, be relied on for distinguishing
Costa's species from Boeck's. It is clear that this small pellucid
structure sometimes escapes observation under the difficulties of
dissection. That the small palp is at first one-jointed, and later on
biarticulate, is far from impossible. Bovallius gives the telson of
the young male, " probably just out from the incubatory pouch of
the mother," as having the apical margin excavate. Boeck also
speaks of the telson as apically divided, but probably by a misprint,
as his Latin text says that it is apically rounded. That the new
species with an incised telson should stand in the same genus with
one (or two) species in which the telson is whole-rimmed, agrees
with what is found in another Lysianassid genus, Onisiinus, Boeck.

TRISCHIZOSTOMA REMIPES, n. sp.

Plate XXXIV.

The head is almost entirely covered by the large dark eyes,
broadest above, meeting in the medio-dorsal line, and leaving

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

unoccupied a small down-bent frontal space. The last two seg-
ments of the person are the shortest. The small first side-plates
are all but completely concealed by the large second pair, which are
horizontally ovoid with almost vertically truncate hind margin ; the
third are much shorter, but nearly as deep, subquadrate ; the fourth
similar to the third, with more rounded outline, and faintly
emarginate behind. These are much at variance with the corre-
sponding parts as figured by the authors named in the generic
discussion. The fifth and sixth side-plates are bilobed. The postero-
lateral angles of the third pleon segment are minutely dentate, with
sinuous outline above the denticle. The fourth segment has a deep
dorsal depression ; the fifth is much shorter than the fourth or the
sixth.

The first antennae have a short stout peduncle, not longer than
the long and broad first joint of the flagellum, which is thickly
fringed with filaments and followed by ten slender joints, together
scarcely as long as the accessory flagellum. This is scarcely shorter
than the first joint of the primary, and is composed of one long laminar
joint followed by a short linear one and a minute apical joint ; in
comparison with the primary flagellum it is much larger than that
figured by Delia Valle for G. nicceensis.

The second antennae have the first three joints of the peduncle
short, the fourth rather longer than any of them, but less than half
as long as the slender fifth ; the twenty-five jointed flagellum is
scarcely as long as the peduncle.

The upper lip and the forward lobes of the lower lip are apically
narrow, but below the apices they show considerable breadth when
flattened out.

The mandibles in the rear part of the trunk afford a substantial
base for the very large palp, but the front part of the trunk is feebly
laminar, with truncate cutting edge and a microscopically tridentate
accessory plate. Whether in the female the cutting edge becomes
narrower remains to be seen. The second joint of the palp carries
twenty-one long spines, and the rather shorter third joint twelve
that are shorter, serrate, and more widely spaced. But these
numbers are not constant, since in the smaller specimen examined
they were respectively thirteen and seven.

The first maxillae have been already described. It may be added
that the outer plate is slightly contracted a little below the apex, and
what I have suggested in the generic discussion as a possibility
seems to be here clearly the case in regard to the palp. The smaller
specimen shows a one-jointed palp surmounted by a single seta ; the

South African Crustacea. 63

larger specimen has a two-jointed palp carrying two setae, one much
longer than the other.

The second maxillae appear to be of great tenuity, the plates
apically rounded, the inner slightly the shorter, tipped with one
curved setule, the outer carrying two such setules.

The maxillipeds have both the inner and outer plates of consider-
able breadth, though in position for forming the oral tube they seem
very narrow. The first joint of the palp is relatively much longer
than that which authors show in T. raschii. In our smaller
specimen it is at least as long as the second joint, but in the larger
specimen it is a little shorter than that joint, which is there the
longest of the four, not the shortest, as in Delia Valle's G. nic&ensis.
The third joint has a few spines and some fur-like armature on one
margin ; the fourth joint, subequal to it in length, is narrow and
straight, having the apical part furnished with very fine outstanding
hairs.

The first gnathopods scarcely, if at all, differ from those in the
northern and Mediterranean forms. The enormous hand, as
mounted for the microscope and figured in the plate, does not
show the true extent at right angles to the spinose palm, because
it refused to be fully flattened out. Possibly it was preparing for
the curious torsion by which, in adults of this genus hitherto known,
the great curved finger of the first gnathopods looks as if it were
attached to the wrong end of the palm. The second gnathopods
have the third joint much shorter than the fifth, in this respect
strikingly differing from G. nicceansis, in which these proportions are
reversed ; the small finger is almost concealed among the spines of
the sixth joint.

The second peraeopods are somewhat shorter than the first, and
have neither the second nor the fourth joint notably expanded.
In the third and fourth pairs the second joint is broadly oval, larger
in the fourth than the third pair. In the fifth pair the second joint
is narrower, with the upper part forming a kind of neck ; the fourth,
fifth, and sixth joints are longer than in the preceding pairs, the fifth
longer than the fourth and wider, with its lower front corner squared
like the corresponding angle in the other peraeopods ; the sixth joint
is longer than the fifth and slightly wider, forming a narrowly oval
blade-like lamina, quite different from the sixth joint in the other
peraaopods and from that of the last pair in forms previously
described. The finger is small. To this pair, as to the other
peraeopods and to the second gnathopods, there are attached large
much-pleated branchial vesicles.

61 Annals of the South African Museum.

The pleopods have two little serrate coupling spines on the
second joint of the peduncle, and several cleft spines on the
inner ramus.

The uropods in the smaller specimen have their apices almost on
a level ; in the larger those of the first pair do not reach quite so far
back as the other two ; the outer branch in the first and second pairs
is shorter and more serrate than the inner ; the third pair have the
branches laminar, much longer than the peduncle, the outer slightly
the longer, with a little second joint, liable to wear and tear, which
led Bovallius to believe that it was only a character of the young.
All the margins appear to have a microscopic serration.

The telson is longer than broad, narrowing distally, the cleft
between the rounded apices reaching up two-fifths of the length in
the larger specimen, a little less in the smaller.

Length of smaller specimen 10 mm., of the larger 13 mm.,
11 mm. from front of head to end of third pleon segment, and
about 2 mm. from third pleon segment to end of telson.

Locality. The smaller specimen was taken off Buffalo Bay, S.W.
by W. | W. 3^ miles, in 32 fathoms ; the larger in lat. 33 9' 30" S.,
long. 28 3' 00" E., in 47 fathoms. From this latter station a very
small specimen shows quite conspicuously the character of the last
perseopods.

The specific name, meaning oar-footed, refers to the blade-like
character of the fifth peraeopods.

GEN. HIPPOMBDON, Boeck.

1871. Hippomedon, Boeck, Forh. Selsk. Christian, 1870, p. 102.
1906. Hippomedon, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, pp. 58,
719.

HIPPOMEDON LONGIMANUS, Stebbing.

1888. Platamon longimanus, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda,

Reports, vol. xxix., p. 643, pi. 13.
1906. Hippomedon longimanus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,

p. 60.

In the South African specimen, as in the larger North Atlantic
Challenger specimen, no trace of eyes was apparent.

The colour in spirit is pale greenish, with speckling observable
under the microscope.

Length, 11 mm.

Locality. Table Mountain E. 41 miles ; depth, 245 fathoms ;

South African Crustacea. 65

bottom, green sand. The Challenger specimen about 17 mm. long,
was taken off Cape Finisterre at a reputed depth of 1,125 fathoms.

GEN. TEYPHOSA, Boeck.

1871. Tryphosa, Boeck, Forh. Selsk. Christian., 1870, p. 117.
1906. Tryphosa, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, pp. 68, 720.

TRYPHOSA ONCONOTUS, n. sp.
Plate XXXV.

There are two features of rather particular interest in this species
the dorsal hook on the fourth pleon segment, and the accessory lobe
on the branchial vesicles. The first of these may be compared with
the furcate dorsal process on the same segment in Pontoporeia
femorata, Kroyer, and with the arrangement in Guernea coalita
(Norman). Hansen, in his description of the adult female, shows that
the latter species is in fact provided with a sort of hook, the fourth
pleon segment having, behind the dorsal depression, a high rounded
carina, which is produced in front into a small rounded process.
In Aeanthoqammarus belkinii (Garjajeff) each of the first four
pleon segments has a dorsal process projected forwards.* The
suggestion may be ventured that in all these cases a facility is
provided for the male to hold the female firmly, in agreement with
the explanation of the modified sixth pair of side-plates in the
female of Mclita palmata (Montagu). The accessory lobe with
which the branchiae are provided in the new species is not perhaps
very unusual. Such a lobe is described and figured by Sars in the
Crustaces d'eau douce de Norvege for Gammaracanthus lacustris.

Head with lateral angles acutely produced. Side-plates of peraeon
well developed, first not distally narrowed, first and second with
minute denticle at lower hind angle, fourth excavate behind.
Postero-lateral angles quadrate in second pleon segment, rounded
in first and third. Fourth pleon segment with deep dorsal depres-
sion followed by an upturned triangular process directed forward so
as sometimes to overlap the hind margin of the third segment.

Eyes not perceptible. First antennae short, peduncle consisting
of one rather bulky joint followed by two small ones, flagellum
scarcely longer than peduncle, with nine joints, the first considerably
the largest ; accessory flagellum three-jointed. Second antennae not

* In the Amphipoda Gammarideaot Das Tierreich, the name of Garjajeff's above-
mentioned species is erroneously given as balkirii.

5

66 Annals of tlie South African Museum..

twice as long as the first, fourth joint about equal to the first three
combined, fifth rather shorter, flagellum fifteen-jointed, longer than
the peduncle.

The lips showed no exceptional character, unless the difficulty of
detaching them from the oesophagus could be so accounted.

The mandibles have a prominent molar with denticulate circular
crown. On the left mandible a very small strap-shaped accessory
cutting plate is seen, and a spine-row of two very small spines. The
inner plate of the first maxillae carries two unequal setae, the serrate
spines on the outer plate and the spine-teeth on the long second joint
of the palp are all very short. In the second maxillee the outer
plate is somewhat longer and broader than the inner. Both the
inner and outer plates of the maxillipeds are rather long, the outer
fringed on the inner margin with nine spine-teeth, of which the
lower ones ai~e distant and very small. This plate reaches beyond
the second joint of the palp.

The gnathopods are not powerful. In the first pair the third joint
is about as long as the fourth, the fifth rather longer than the sixth,
which widens slightly to the very oblique palm. This is a little
overlapped by the finger when closed. The tip of the finger
has a small cap, which is also the case in the first and second
perseopods. In the second gnathopods the third joint is considerably
longer than the fourth, and the fifth than the rather stout sixth, of
which the palm is faintly excavate. The small finger is apically
bidentate. Whether the branchial vesicles of these limbs have an
accessory lobe was not made out. The lobes attain their greatest
development in the third and fourth peraeopods. The marsupial
plates of the specimen figured were very narrow.

The first and second perseopods are similar, slender throughout.
The three following pairs have the second joint strongly expanded,
but only feebly serrate. In the third and fifth pairs this joint is
proximally almost as broad as the length, in the fourth pair its
breadth is much more uniform and considerably less than the length.
The fourth joint in the third pair is nearly as broad as long, other-
wise all joints but the second are moderately narrow.

The pleopods have two little coupling hooks, a few cleft spines,
and the branches about seventeen-jointed. The uropods have but
few spines on the rarni, which in each pair are subequal, longer
than the peduncle only in the third pair ; in this the outer branch
has a well-marked second joint, and the inner branch is longer than
the first joint of the outer.

The telson is divided nearly to the base, with a spine in the apical

South African Crustacea. 67

notch of each division, and two spines near each outer margin, with
a feathered setule near the upper one.

The specimen figured measured 7 mm. in length. Another
specimen, measuring only 4-5 mm., had the marsupial plates less
developed and the telson less narrowed apically.

Locality. Table Mountain E. 41 miles ; depth, 245 fathoms ;
bottom, green sand. The specific name, from dyicde (hook), and vwroe
(back), refers to the dorsal process on the fourth segment of the pleon.

One specimen presents an appearance probably abnormal. The
upper hind margin of the third pleon segment was in contact with
the telson. When these parts were pulled asunder it was found
that all the three terminal segments of the pleon were enclosed
within the third segment, which showed through its pellucid integu-
ment the dorsal outline of the fourth in its natural condition, that is,
with a rounded boss, deep cavity, and uplifted triangular process.
The segments resisted endeavours to draw them into the open in a
way that proved their position to be no result of accidental intrusion.
The specimen measured 4 mm. from front of head to end of third
pleon segment. The principal flagellum of the first antennae is
six-jointed, the flagellum of the second nine-jointed.

GEN. AMARYLLIS, Haswell.

1880. Amaryllis, Haswell, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. iv., p. 253.
1906. Amaryllis, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Arnphipoda, p. 23.

Dr. Chilton has recently pointed out that the species which
he described in 1885 as Glycerina affinis is in fact Amaryllis
macrophthalmus , Haswell.

AMARYLLIS MACROPHTHALMUS, Haswell.
1880. Amaryllis macrophthalmus, Haswell, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.

Wales, vol. iv., p. 253, pi. 8, fig. 3.
1885. Glycerina affinis, Chilton, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. ix,

p. 1036, pi. 47, fig. 1, a, b.
1902. Amaryllis macrophthalmus, G. M. Thomson, Ann. Nat. Hist.,

Ser. 7, vol. x., p. 463.

1905. Amaryllis macrophthalmus, Chilton, Tr. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxxviii.,

p. 267.

1906. Amaryllis macro phthalma, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Arnphipoda,

p. 24.

The report on this species in the Challenger Amphipoda was based
on a very small and obviously young specimen from Patagonia, com-

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

pared with a large female specimen from Australia. The specimens
obtained by Dr. Gilchrist in South Africa include fully developed
males and other individuals of which it is desirable that some notice
should be taken.

In the mature male the eyes are very conspicuous by their dark
colour and considerable size. They are rather broader above than
below and are almost contiguous on the top of the head. The first
antennae have the first joint large with two blunt apical teeth, the
second and third joints short, the principal flagellum rather stout,
28-jointed, the calceoli small, its first joint by far the largest,
furnished with a brush of filaments ; the secondary flagellum 8-jointed.
The second antennae have the first three joints very short, the fourth
large, the fifth short, carrying a slender, calceoliferous, 74-jointed
flagellum, which reaches beyond the pleon, making the whole of this
pair between two and three times as long as the first pair.

The upper and lower lips are not easily detached one from the
other. The upper lip appears to have a bilobed margin. The
mandibular processes of the lower lip are long and narrow. In the
mandibles the spines of the spine-row are excessively short, and
the molar is a thin backward-directed roughly triangular plate,
fringed with setules. The second joint of the palp is the longest,
and this in its upper half is fringed with some 14 slender spines.
M. Bonnier found no armature on this joint in his A. pulchella, nor
did I in A. bathycephalus, A. haswelli, or the small specimen of A.
macrophthalmus. It may be noted that the triturating organs, or
cardiac folds of the stomach, are more circular than usual, and are
fringed with slender spines. But this is no speciality of the male.

The first and second peraeopods are distinguished by having the
fourth and fifth joints fringed along the hind margin with long stiff
setae, which are not seen in the female or young male.

In the third segment of the pleon the postero-lateral notch is
higher up than in the young. The third uropods have the subequal
lanceolate rami fringed with long plumose setae on the inner margin,
and the inner ramus is fringed on the lower part of the outer
margin.

A specimen, about 7 mm. long, presumably not fully adult,
showed the following differences. The eyes were much more
slender, uniform in breadth, pale in colour. The first antennae have
the two distal teeth of the first joint acute, the principal flagellum
26- or 27-jointed, with the first joint of much less length than in the
other specimen, and the secondary flagellum seven-jointed. The
second antennae are no longer than the first, with a flagellum of

South African Crustacea. 69

46 joints, most of them broader than long. The second joint of the
mandibular palp had only four spines. The first and second
peraeopods were without the fringe of setae. The third uropods
showed little armature. But the telson was distinguished by a
small tooth, produced backward, at the outer angle of each lobe,
while in the more mature specimen the outer angle does not reach
the rest of the apical margin.

Locality. Dredged between Bird Island and the mainland in
4-16 fathoms.

FAMILY AMPELISCID^B.

GEN. AMPELISCA, Kroyer.

1842. Ampelisca, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr., vol. iv., p. 154.
1906. Ampelisca, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, pp. 98, 721.

AMPELISCA CHILTONI, Stebbing.

1888. Ampelisca chiltoni, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda, Eeports,
vol. xxix., p. 1042, pi. 103.

1905. Ampelisca chiltoni, Chilton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxxviii.,

p. 267.

1906. Ampelisca chiltoni, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 102.
It should be noticed that this species bears great resemblance

to the large Arctic form, A. eschrichtii, Kroyer, from which it is
distinguished by having the postero-lateral angles of the third pleon
segment subquadrate and minutely produced, instead of strongly
produced and insinuate, and by having dorsal spinules on the telson,
which are wanting in the northern form. A. fusca is another closely
allied species, but with the first antennae more strongly developed,
and the hind lobe of the second joint in the fifth peraeopods narrower
and more strongly produced downwards than in A. chiltoni.

A specimen measuring 23 mm. from front of head to apex of
telson, had first antennae 7 mm. long and second antennae 16 mm.
This was a female carrying eggs, some of which were brown, others
yellow. The back was sharply carinate from the sixth peraeon
segment to the fourth of the pleon, the latter segment having a
strongly sinuous medio-dorsal outline. The branchial vesicles are
pleated. The lenses of the eyes retain for long a scarlet rim in
methylated spirit.

Locality. The specimen above described was taken in False Bay,
Paulsberg, W.N.W. 1 mile; depth 24 fathoms. Another specimen,

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

taken in False Bay, Cape Point Lighthouse, W. 6| miles ; depth,
37 fathoms, was 22'5 mm. long. The species was also dredged in
47 fathoms, lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 00" E. Dr. Chilton, in
his report on " Crustacea from the Coast of Auckland," says of this
species : " One imperfect specimen dredged off Great Barrier Island,
at a depth of 120 fathoms, appears to belong to this species. I have
also two specimens dredged off the Poor Knights Islands, in 40
fathoms, and two others collected in Kaipara Harbour by Dr.
Cockayne, that certainly belong to it. "

AMPELISCA FUSCA, Stebbing.

1888. Ampelisca fusca, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda, Eeports,

vol. xxix., pp. 1052, 1651, pi. 105.
1893. Ampelisca fusca, Delia Valle, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von

Neapel, vol. xx., p. 483.

1906. Ampelisca fusca, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 102,
' figs. 22-24.

The dark colour of the Challenger specimens, to which the specific
name alludes, was probably due to the preservative employed. The
specimens more recently received from the Cape show no such
obfuscation, but retain, for a considerable period, brilliant colouring,
red spots and broader markings on a green ground. The eyes have
a bright red pigment and the antennae a banded appearance. In the
Challenger report the first antennae are described as longer than the
second, but the comparative dimensions are at any rate sometimes
inverted. Also in the new specimens the fingers of the first and
second peraeopods have a less comparative length, and the fifth
perasopods differ a little from the earlier account. The lower lobe of
the second joint has its setigerous hind margin straight, or some-
times tending to be concave rather than convex, and the sixth joint
is not so much narrowed apically as in my figure of it. Otherwise
the agreement between the two sets of specimens is so minute as to
leave no room for supposing any specific difference between them.
One of the specimens measured 15 mm. in length.

Locality. Dredged Vasco de Gama Point, S. 75 E. 13^ miles, at
166 fathoms.

AMPELISCA BREVICOKNIS (Costa).
1853. Araneops brevicornis, A. Costa, Rend. Soc. Borbon., n. ser.,

vol. ii., p. 171.
1891. Ampelisca Icevigata, Sars, Crustacea of Norway, vol. i., p. 169,

pi. 59, fig. 1.

South African Crustacea. 71

1906. Ampelisca brevicornis, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,
p. 100.

The specimen here in question corresponds in all essentials with
that species which Sars describes and figures under the name
" Ampelisca Icevigata, Lilljeborg, 1 ' 1855. Costa's name for it, though
devoid of descriptive value, has the priority. Among the marked
features of this species are the extremely small ocular lenses, the
concave lower margin of the head, the strongly bisinuate margins
and sharply produced postero-lateral angles of the third pleon
segment, the fourth pleon segment with level carina behind the
saddle-shaped dorsal depression, and the dorsal rows of setules on
the telson. Our specimen, which is a male, considerably exceeds
the size given by Sars, being 17 mm. long, whereas Sars says,
"length of adult female 12 mm., of male about the same." Its
colouring (in spirit) is a uniform pale green. The first antennae are
8 mm. long, the second joint of the peduncle the longest, fringed
below with numerous tufts of setules, the third joint very short,
widening distally, the long slender flagellum more than twice as
long as the peduncle, reaching a little beyond the peduncle of the
second antennae, and having the first joint peculiarly shaped, at first
narrowing rapidly and fringed below with a brush of filaments, and
again slightly widening to the apex. The second antennae are 17 mm.
long, the penultimate joint of the flagellum much longer than the
ultimate, both fringed above with little tufts of setules.

Locality. Fresh Bay, Koman Rock, N.W. f W. f mile ; depth,
18 fathoms ; sand and shells and rough ground. A much smaller
specimen, but similar in colouring, was taken at the Station, Table
Mountain, E. 41 miles ; depth, 245 fathoms ; bottom, green sand.

GEN. BYBLIS, Boeck.

1871. Byblis, Boeck, Porh. Selsk. Christian., 1870, p. 228.
1906. Byblis, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 111.

The new species differs from the ten species of this genus dis-
tinguished in Das Tierreich in that the third uropods reach beyond
the first and second pairs by the whole extent of the rami, and in
that the telsou, which is considerably longer than broad, is very
deeply cleft. The character of the third uropod and that of the
telson must, therefore, in each case be modified by insertion of the
word usually in the generic definition. It is a matter of convenience,
and not of necessity, to use these parts in discriminating Byblis from

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ampelisca and Haploops. They can easily be discarded, should
they through fresh discoveries cease to be useful for their original
employment.

BYBLIS ANISUBOPUS, n. sp.
Plate XXXVI.

The first four segments of the peraeon are short, the side-plate of
the first broadly produced forward with fringed margin, that of the
fourth segment narrowly produced backward ; the three following
segments are much larger. The first three segments of the pleon
are large, with the postero-lateral corners rounded ; the fourth
segment is dorsally raised in a sharp nasiform projection above the
compound segment which has a dorsal depression and the dorso-
lateral edge rounded on each side as it approaches the telson.

The lower corneal lenses project beyond the margin of the head.
Both pairs are backed by dark masses of pigment, and to the rear of
the upper pair are also small patches of pigment, perhaps such as
have suggested the idea of a third pair of eyes in Ampelisca rubella,
Costa.

The first antennas have a short peduncle, the joints successively
decreasing, with a flagellum of 17 or 18 joints, more than twice as
long. The second antennae are longer than the whole body, the
peduncle rather longer than the first antennae, the gland-cone of the
second joint acutely projecting, the fifth joint long, but shorter than
the fourth, the flagellum of about 45 joints with long setae.

Upper lip with emargination scarcely perceptible. Spine-row of
mandibles containing 8 furcate spines, the right mandible without
accessory cutting plate. The inner plate of first maxillae with one
seta on each side a little below the apex ; the outer plate carrying
11 spines in one of the pair, but apparently only ten in the other ;
the long second joint of the palp having 4 spines on its indented
apical margin.

The gnathopods have the usual abundant furniture of the fifth and
sixth joints, the fifth being considerably longer in the second pair
than in the first. The finger has a fringe of spinules on the inner

margin.

In the first and second peraeopods the fifth joint is short and
stout, decidedly shorter than the tapering sixth, and equal in length
to the finger. The third pergeopods have the second joint strongly
convex in front, considerably broader than long. In the fourth pair
this joint is but little broader than long. In the fifth pair the second
joint is produced nearly to the end of the fourth, behind which it is

South African Crustacea. 73

greatly widened, with the setose lower margin sinuous ; the fourth
joint is produced some way down behind the fifth, which is short
and broad, but longer than the sixth, this in turn being longer than
the spine-like and spine-tipped finger.

The pleopods have two slender coupling hooks on the peduncle
and four cleft spines on the first joint of the inner ramus.

The first uropods have the peduncle longer than the rami, of
which the outer is the longer, armed with two little spines ; the
inner ramus has a single spine near the middle. The second uropods
have rami longer than their peduncle, the outer unarmed, the inner
not much shorter and carrying two little spines. In length they are
intermediate between the rami of the first pair. The third uropods
have the rami considerably larger, longer than their peduncle, the
outer fringed with setae, the inner a little shorter, armed with some
setae and a row of spines. The telson, subequal in length to the
peduncle of the third uropods, is considerably longer than broad, cleft
for about five-sixths of its length, tapering from near the base to the
slightly divergent spine-tipped apices, and furnished on the surface
with setae and spinules. It differs in shape, armature, and extent of
cleavage from species of the genus hitherto described.

Length of the specimen figured, 7 mm. ; another specimen
measured 10 mm.

Locality. Lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 00" E.; depth, 47 fathoms.

The specific name alludes to the inequality of the uropods, of
which the third pair, contrary to the custom in the genus, reach
beyond the other two pairs by the whole extent of the rami.

FAMILY PHOXOCEPHALID^.

GEN. HAEPINIA, Boeck.

1876. Harpinia, Boeck, Skand. Arkt. Amph., vol. ii., p. 218.

1906. Harpinia, Stebbiug, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, pp. 140, 723.

HARPINIA EXCAVATA, Chevreux.
1887. Harpinia excavata, Chevreux, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xii.,

p. 568.
1900. Harpinia excavata, Chevreux, Eesult. Camp. Monaco, vol. xvi.,

p. 37, pi. 6, tig. 1.
1906. Harpinia excavata, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,

pp. 142, 723.
In the earlier account of this species Chevreux says that the

74 Annals of the South African Museum.

palm of the second gnathopod carries a long sharp tooth at its
hinder angle, and a second tooth, stout and short, at its middle.
In the later account, which is fortified by a figure, this palm is
described as deeply excavate, forming with the hind margin a sharp,
very salient angle, armed with a long spine. Nothing is said about
a second median tooth. It is with this later account that our
specimen agrees. A distinguishing feature of the species is the
great length of the sixth joint in the long fourth peraeopods. In
the fifth peraeopods the second joint has the front margin protruding
below and there furnished with a few long plumose setae, and behind
the broad expansion of this joint is crenulate with great minuteness.
These characters it shares to some extent with H. abyssi, Sars, but
in that species the postero-lateral angles of the third pleon segment
are rounded, while here they are produced into a strong tooth.
According to Chevreux the inner branch of the third uropods is
almost as long as the two- jointed outer branch. In the South
African specimen it is in fact quite as long.

Length of specimen, 5 mm.

Locality. Table Mountain, E. 41 miles ; depth, 245 fathoms ;
bottom green sand.

GEN. PONTHAEPINIA, Stebbing.

1897. Pontliarpinia, Stebbing, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Ser. 2,

vol. vii., p. 32.
1906. Pontharpinia, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 145.

Among the characters of this genus given in Das Tierreich I have
included the following : Hood obtuse, eyes distinct, palp of mandible
slender, with third joint shorter than second, first and second
gnathopods similar. The new species which I now propose to
include in the genus has the hood produced to an extremely acute
apex, uncinately deflexed ; the mandibular palp is not specially
slender and its third joint is equal in length to the second ; also the
first and second gnathopods (in the female) are dissimilar. The
species Phoxus uncirostratus, Giles, referred by Delia Valle and
A. 0. Walker respectively to Phoxocephalus and Leptophoxus, is
set down in Das Tierreich as an uncertain member of Pontharpinia.
Phoxus geniculatus, Stimpson, ought, as I now think, to have
received the same treatment. Giles says concerning his species :
" although I carefully dissected the head of one specimen, I could
make out no trace of eyes." Stimpson attributes " eyes white "
to his species, and in the one here to be described they are dark

South African Crustacea. 75

reddish, still after long preservation in spirit. In general appearance
there is an extraordinary resemblance between the specimen from
South Africa and the figure which Dr. Giles gives of his species
from the Bay of Bengal. Besides the want of eyes, however, that
species offers another distinction shown in a detail figure and clearly
noted in the description, namely, that in the third uropods "the
inner ramus is considerably shorter than the first joint of the outer."
In our species the inner ramus is nearly as long as the first joint of
the outer. In regard to the mouth-organs of the Indian species, some
of the detail figures and statements must be attributed to the use of
inadequate apparatus. The palp of the mandible, for example, is
said to be two-jointed. The palp of the first maxilla is figured as
one-jointed. It is not easy to believe that such differences could
coexist with the remarkable likeness which the head and peraeopods
show to those of our species. Stimpson's description of his Japanese
species is very brief, but contains one noteworthy expression "rami
of the posterior caudal styles unequal, the outer ones long, three-
jointed " with which I may compare my own preliminary note on
the South African specimen, uropod 3, outer branch much longer
than inner, the spination giving it an almost three-jointed appear-
ance. Stimpson gives white as the colour of his species, and Giles
describes his as of a uniformly dirty-white colour. The African
specimen attracted attention by the conspicuous red of some parts,
while others were white. But this is not necessarily differential, if
we consider the account given by Dr. Giles of his species Para-
pleustes pictus, in which the red and white are variously distributed
in different specimens, which were " found crawling upon a Pen-
natula, the pink and white colours of which are almost exactly
imitated in the amphipod " (J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. lix., p. 71).

PONTHARPINIA STIMPSONI, n. sp.

Plate XXXVII.

Head elongate, rostral part broad till near the apex, which is
drawn out to a very fine point curving downwards. Of the peraeon
segments the second is the shortest. First side-plate with rounded
front produced forward, fourth much the largest. Third pleon seg-
ment with postero-lateral corners rounded and a row of setae carried
obliquely from the corners almost across the surface ; fifth and sixth
segments small.

Eyes small, irregularly oval, dark red, placed wide apart just be-
hind the post-antennal corners. First antennae with first joint large,

76 Annals of the South African Museum.

much longer than second and third joints combined, carrying a
subapical feathered seta ; second joint small, much larger than
third ; primary and accessory flagella on one side respectively with
18 and 15 joints, on the other side each with 17 joints, the primary
nearly as long as the peduncle, the accessory a little shorter.
Second antennae with first two joints obscure, the third having at
the end of the lower margin a small squared process fringed below
with setae and marked off above by a suture ; the fourth joint
longer, armed with spines and setae, the fifth narrow, shorter
than the third ; the flagellum 21-jointed, rather longer than the
peduncle.

The left mandible having cutting edge and accessory plate
obscurely dentate, spine-row of 10 small spines, feeble molar
carrying one or two spines, palp with rather broad second joint
unarmed, not longer than the third joint which carries a few spines
near the base and several fringing the obliquely truncate apex. The
right mandible appears to differ only by want of an accessory plate.
The palps in situ lie close together under the rostrum. Lower
lip with inner plates conspicuous, the outer lobes wide apart. The
first maxillae with short, wide inner plate carrying three setae on inner
margin of the rounded apex ; outer plate apically armed with 11 spines,
some of them denticulate, the two-jointed palp long, fringed with 7
slender spines along the apical margin, which is so oblique as almost
to look like part of the inner lateral edge. The second maxillae with
both plates broad, spinose, the outer the longer, with short spines
along its outer margin. The maxillipeds have the inner plates fringed
along the broadly truncate apex and distal part of inner margin
with long setae, without visible spine-teeth. The outer plates are
narrow, not reaching the end of the palp's first joint, and carry four
spines on the inner margin. The palp is very elongate, the second
joint the largest, the third narrowly oval, produced slightly beyond
the base of the narrow curved finger, which ends in a thin nail or
spine.

The first gnathopods have a fusiform fifth joint, longer than third
and fourth joints combined, but shorter and much narrower than
the sixth, which is much longer than broad, widening to the squared
space which with its palmar spine defines the otherwise convex palm.
The finger is slender, curved, matching the palm, with small hyaline
cap over the pointed apex. The second gnathopods agree with the
first in regard to shape of palm and finger, but differ strikingly in
some respects, the sixth joint being very much larger, nearly as
broad as long, with the palm more oblique, while the fourth and fifth

South African Crustacea. 77

joints are about equal in length and together form a sort of cup for
the sixth joint.

The first and second peraeopods are alike, having the fourth joint
broad, nearly twice as long as the fifth, which is oval with the
narrow end below, carrying two stout spines ; the narrower but
longer sixth joint is likewise armed with some stout spines, and
the finger is very slender. The third peraeopods have the second
joint only moderately expanded, the hind margin straight, the front
irregularly convex, fringed with setaa ; the fourth joint as broad as
the second, as broad as long, and like the two following joints well
furnished with spines ; the fifth joint rather longer, less broad ; the
sixth again longer, but narrow ; the finger smoothly slender, curved
at the tip. In the fourth perseopods the second joint is broadly
oval, fringed with setae in front, the fourth and following joints
considerably larger than in the preceding pair, though rather similar
in pattern, but only the fourth joint and not the fifth narrowing
downwards. The small fifth pereeopods have the hind margin of the
second joint serrate ; all the other joints are very small, from the
fourth to the end successively shorter, the third, fourth, and fifth
pressing close to the margin of the second. The branchial vesicles
are simple. The marsupial plates in the specimen were narrow,
probably not at full development.

The pleopods have groups of spines on the surface of the
peduncles. The coupling spines are small, the rami subequal,
the outer with about 18, the inner 14 joints. The first uropods
have the peduncle subequal to the outer ramus, which carries four
spines at and near the apex, while the rather shorter inner ramus
has five spines along the inner margin and a stout one at the
apex ; the second are shorter, with spines along the inner margin
of peduncle and each ramus ; the third have the peduncle not
longer than that of the second pair, but the narrow two-jointed
outer ramus considerably longer than that of the first pair, the
second joint rather long, half the length of the first, the inner ramus
nearly as long as the first joint of the outer, both rami tipped and
otherwise armed with many long setae.

The telson is not longer than broad, the two halves closely united,
with a spine at the outer part of each broadly rounded apex, and
two feathered setae high up on each outer margin. The telson is
not so long as the peduncle of the third uropods.

Length, about 8 mm.

After long preservation in spirit the specimen above described was
conspicuous among many different species by its crimson colouring,

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

generally diffused except on the end of the rostrum, the third to the
sixth pleon segments, the flagella of the antennae, the terminal part
of the fourth peraeopods, and the peduncles of the first and second
uropods. A study of the figure will show that the colour distribution
is probably adapted to the animal in a resting position. The parts
naturally concealed under those circumstances are also uncoloured,
namely, the mouth-organs, gnathopods, and first peraeopods.

Locality. Dredged in lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 00" E., at 47
fathoms depth ; and between Bird Island and mainland, 10-16
fathoms.

The specific name is intended to call attention to the species too
briefly described by the eminent American naturalist.

FAMILY LILJEBOEGIID^.

GEN. LILJEBOKGIA, Bate.

1861. Iduna, Boeck (preocc.), Forh. Skand. Naturf., Mode 8,

p. 656.

1862. Liljeborgia, Bate and Westwood, Brit. Sess. Crust., vol. i.,

p. 202.

1862. Liljeborgia, Bate, Catal. Amph. Brit. Mus., p. 118.
1906. Liljeborgia, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 230.

The name of this genus, coined in compliment to Professor
Liljeborg, is often erroneously printed Lilljeborgia. But the fact
that the Professor changed the spelling of his own name from
Liljeborg to Lilljeborg does not justify a change in the scientific
term.

LILJEBORGIA DUBIA (Haswell).

1880. Eusirus dubius, Haswell, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. iv.,

p. 331, pi. 20, fig. 3.
1888. Liljeborgia haswelli, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda, Eeports,

vol. xxix., p. 985, pi. 92.
1906. Liljeborgia dubia, Stebbing^ Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,

p. 233.

The dorsal tooth of the sixth and seventh peraeon segments doubt-
fully mentioned in Das Tierreich was not visible in the South African
specimen, a small one, about 8 mm. long.

Locality. False Bay, Paulsberg W.N.W. 1 mile; depth, 24 fathoms;
bottom, sand and shells.

South African Crustacea. 79

FAMILY TIKONICME.

GEN. TIEON, Lilljeborg.

1865. Tiron, Lilljeborg, N. Acta Soc. Upsal., Ser. 3, vol. vi., p. 19.
1906. Tiron, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, pp. 275, 727.

The three species which the genus now includes may be dis-
tinguished as follows :

First three segments of pleon dorsally uni-

dentate ; outer plate of maxillipeds with

concave margin 1. T. thomsoni, A. 0. Walker.

First three segments of pleon dorsally pluri-

denticulate ; outer plate of maxillipeds

with margin not concave 2.
Sixth joint of peraeopods extremely short ;

telson armed with numerous spines . . . . 2. T. australis, n. sp.
Sixth joint of peraeopods not extremely short ;

telson not armed with numerous spines . . 3. T. acanthurus, Lilljeborg.

The new species has interesting peculiarities of the first maxilL^e,
and is further distinguished from T. acanthurus by a different shape
of the second joint in the fifth perseopods, but these features are less
easy to observe than those above given.

TIRON AUSTRALIS, n. sp.
Plate XXXVIII.

The general appearance closely agrees with that of T. acanthurus,
the head having a deflexed rostrum, the first three segments of the
pleon being postero-dorsally pluri-denticulate, and the fourth and fifth
each produced into a dorsal tooth, but here the tooth of the fourth
segment is much the shorter. The sixth segment has a scarcely
perceptible tooth, flanked on each side by two spines. The anterior
side-plates are finely crenate, the first and fourth smaller than the
second and third.

The upper eyes are closely adjacent at the top of the head, each
composed of about ten cones, of which each lateral eye has only
four.

The first antennae have the third joint shorter than the second,
and the second much shorter than the first. The flagellum is some-
what longer than the peduncle, 9-jointed in the female specimen,
7-jointed in the male, the first joint in the latter being distinguished
by its superior length and setose armature. The accessory flagellum

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

is 6-jointed in the female, 5-jointed in the male specimen. The
second antennae have an 8-jointed flagellum, shorter than the
peduncle.

The mandibles differ slightly one from the other, the accessory
plate on the left being, as so often, the stronger; it is succeeded by a
row of 10 spines, the number on the right mandible being appa-
rently only 8. The molar is strong, the palp slender, its third joint
half as long as the second, and armed only with three apical setae.
In the first maxillae the inner plate is fringed with 9 plumose setae,
of which three at the apex are separated by a clear unarmed space from
the other six. This is the case in both members of the pair, and
could be seen in readiness for reproduction at the next exuviation.
On the outer plate only 10 spines could be distinguished. The palp
has a large second joint, much widened in its distal half, the apical
margin fringed with 5 furcate spine-teeth and an outer spine-tooth
which is serrate instead of furcate, with the serration on its inner
side. In the furcate teeth the shorter tooth is the outer. The
second maxillae have the inner plate shorter but broader than the
outer, with an oblique fringe of slender spines near the inner
margin.

The gnathopods are scarcely distinguishable from those of T. acan-
thurus, the fifth joint long and slender, slightly tapering distally.

The perseopods are all alike in the shortness of the sixth joint,
against which the small finger folds back closely, so that it becomes
difficult to distinguish. Apparently it has a dorsal denticle. In all
the pairs the fourth joint is larger than the fifth, this in the first and
second pairs being but little longer than the sixth, but in the follow-
ing pairs more and more surpassing it. In the third and fourth
pairs the second joint is widely expanded, more so distally than
proximally, but in the fifth peraeopod this joint is widest proximally,
and is roughly squared above, so as to differ much from the rounded
appearance presented by the homologous joint in T. acanthitrus.
The marsupial plates of the female specimen are extremely narrow,
their ovigerous function being probably aided by the long branchial
vesicles.

The first and second uropods have the peduncle longer than the
rami, which are nearly equal to one another in the first pair, but
more unequal in the second, in neither very elongate. In the third
pair the rami are much longer than the peduncle, the inner the
shorter, fringed with long setae, the outer carrying numerous
spines.

The telson is subequal in length to the outer ramus of the third

South African Crustacea. 81

uropod, cleft nearly five-sixths of its length, tapering, with a row of
five or six spines standing up along the surface of each division, with
accompanying setae or setules, of which there are some also on the
outer margins.

The male specimen is about 6 mm. long ; the considerably larger
female was about 8 mm. in length.

Locality. Lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 00" E., dredged in a
depth of 47 fathoms.

The specific name directs attention to the southern origin of this
form, which presents so many points of resemblance to the northern
T. acanthurus, from which, however, it is separated by some very
marked differences. A comparison with Pseudotiron bouvieri,
Chevreux, from the Mediterranean, is also of interest, but there the
organs of vision and the minute third joint of the mandibular palp
supply characters of generic distinction.

FAMILY GAMMAKID^.

GEN. CEBADOCUS, Costa.

1853. Ceradocus, Costa, Eend. Soc. Borbon., n. ser., vol. ii.,

p. 170.
1906. Ceradocus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 430.

CEKADOCUS KUBROMACULATUS (Stimpson).
1855. Gammams rubromaculatus, Stimpson, P. Ac. Philad., vol. vii.,

p. 394.

1906. Ceradocus rubromaculatus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphi-
poda, p. 430.

Locality. Lat. 33 49' S., long. 25 56' E. Two specimens were
dredged from a depth of 24 fathoms, on rocky ground. One of the
specimens has the second gnathopods very unequal and dissimilar,
but, as noticed in the report on the Amphipoda of the Challenger,
this appears to be the case not unfrequently in this species.

GEN. ELASMOPOIDES, n.

Most of the superficial characters as in Elasmopiis, but (in female)
first antennas not longer than second, accessory flagellum elongate.
Palp long in mandibles and maxillipeds. Inner plate on inner
margin fringed with numerous setae in first and second maxillae.
Second gnathopod powerful in female.

6

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

ELASMOPOIDES CHEVREUXI, n. sp.
Plate XXXIX.

Head not rostrate, obtusely produced at the sides. Back smooth,
with saddle-shaped depression of fourth pleon segment. First side-
plate the largest, broadly rounded at the produced front, fourth
shallowly excavate behind, fifth and sixth each with a small front
lobe curving backward. First three segments of the pleon with
postero-lateral angles acute, a little produced, those of the third
segment least so. Eyes dark, of peculiar shape, the broad lower
part occupying the lateral lobes of the head, a narrower upper part
ascending at right angles to the lower, so that the eyes are not far
apart at the top.

First antennas having two ridges on first joint, one ending in a
spine, the other in a little tooth, second joint as long as first, third
quite short, flagellum longer than peduncle, 42-jointed, accessory
flagellum more than half as long as primary, 23-jointed. Second
antennae subequal in length to first, fifth joint of peduncle a little
shorter than fourth, flagellum shorter than peduncle, 25-jointed.

Upper lip with front margin almost symmetrically rounded.
Lower lip with principal lobes broad, inner plates well developed.
Mandibles with cutting edge strongly toothed, secondary plate on
left mandible stronger than that on right, teeth not prominent, spines
of spine-row numerous, molar prominent, second and third joints of
palp elongate, each with two rows of slender spines ; the articular
condyle between the molar and the palp very conspicuous. First
maxilla with inner plate large, oblong, fringed on inner margin with
very numerous setae, outer plate with the spines crowded together,
probably 11, some of them furcate ; second joint of palp long, fringed
with 7 apical spines, some of which are moderately stout, and 6 sub-
apical, all slender. Second maxilla having the outer plate rather
longer but narrower than the inner, fringed round the apex, the inner
plate with a fringe along inner margin continued only a little way
round the broad apex, and an oblique row of seta-like spines extend-
ing from near the apex to the proximal end of the marginal fringe.
Maxillipeds with inner plates broad, fringed on inner and distal
margins, the latter having three small spine-teeth at its inner part,
outer plates not reaching middle of palp's long second joint, fringed
with numerous spines and spine-teeth ; fourth joint of palp long,
finger-like, curved, finely spinulose on inner margin, as long as the
third, shorter than the second joint.

First gnathopods. Second joint with a row of seta; on distal part

South African Crustacea. S3

of front margin, third and fourth joints very short, fifth and sixth
joints subequal in length, spinose on both margins, the broad hinder
prominence of the fifth having pectinate spines as well as long
smooth ones, the sixth with gently convex front margin, the long,
finely denticulate palm forming a much stronger convexity with the
hind margin, from which it is marked off by palmar spines and the
cessation of the denticulation ; finger smooth, curved, matching
the palm.

Second gnathopods much stronger than the first; second to fourth
joints nearly as in preceding pair, fifth joint short, cup-shaped, sixth
massive, widening to the palm, which is finely denticulate on either
side of a somewhat semicircular cavity of variable depth and defined
by a strong tooth, within which the finger closes, inner edge sub-
marginally setiferous, outer edge proximally indented at four points
for minute spines ; finger strong, curved, inner margin with a small
projection over the palmar gap.

First and second peraeopods, slender, similar, but the first
decidedly longer than the second, the second joint slightly curved,
carrying long setae at some points of the hind margin ; the finger
short, abruptly truncate at junction with the small nail.

Third to fifth peraeopods stoutly built, fourth the longest, fifth
longer than third ; second joint with hind margin strongly dentate,
especially and irregularly in the fifth pair, fourth and fifth joints
broad, with numerous spines, the sixth narrow but also spinose, all
these joints having the front margin flattened ; finger not very large,
with regular curve to the nail.

Pleopods. Peduncle large, with apical process, the coupling hooks
slender ; the rami narrow, outer the shorter, having in the first pair
24 joints, while its considerably longer companion is 23-jointed,
with 4 cleft spines on inner margin of the first joint.

First uropods with peduncle subequal to inner ramus, outer rather
shorter, all with spines at intervals ; second pair with rather shorter
but stouter peduncle, as long as the inner ramus, the outer notably
shorter ; third pair with short peduncle, carrying on the surface
facing inwardly a row of spinules and a tubercle beset with spines
and spinules ; the rami broad, equal, strongly spined apically and on
other parts ; they are longer than their peduncle, but shorter than
the other rami.

The telson is nearly as long as the peduncle of the third uropods,
cleft to the base, the almost cylindrical halves somewhat divergent,
with the truncate apices beset with terminal spines, the sides smooth
except for a group of little spinules high up on the outer margin.

84 Annals of the South African Museum.

Length, from front of head to end of third pleon segment,
12-5 mm. ; total length to end of telson about 15 mm.

Locality. Dredged in lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 00" E., at 47
fathoms' depth, the bottom consisting of sand, shell, and rock.

The specific name is chosen out of respect to Monsieur Ed.
Chevreux, who during many years by pen and pencil and active
research has rendered distinguished service to our knowledge of the
Amphipoda.

FAMILY AORID^.

GEN. AOEA, Kroyer.

1845. Aora, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr., Ser. 2, vol. i., p. 328.
1906. Aora Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 587.

AOEA TYPICA, Kroyer.

1845. Aora typica, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr., Ser. 2, vol. i., p. 328,

pi. 3, figs. 3 a-l.

1906. Aora typica, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 587,
fig. 101.

Both sexes of this widely distributed species have been taken in
South African waters. It has passed under a variety of generic and
specific names in the writings of several authors, myself included.
It is satisfactory to find that the Rev. Canon Norman (Ann. Nat.
Hist., Oct., 1907) agrees with the decision set forth in Das Tierreich
that there is really only one species at present known in the
genus.

Locality. The specimens with which we are here concerned were
obtained, with other rarer Amphipoda, at a station described as
Table Mountain E. 41 miles ; depth, 245 fathoms ; bottom, green sand.
As the species is familiar close inshore, and no closing apparatus
was used in its capture, there is no guarantee that it was not taken
at the surface rather than at any considerable depth.

FAMILY PHOTID^.

GEN. EUEYSTHEUS, Bate.
1857. Eurystlieus, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2, vol. xix.,

'p. 143.
1906. Eurystlieus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda. pp. 610,

738.

South African Crustacea. 85

EURYSTHEUS HOLMESI, n. Sp.

Plate XL.A.

Fourth pleon segment dorsally tridentate, the median tooth smaller
than the others, fifth segment with a dorso-lateral tooth on each
side. Head with lateral lobes not strongly produced, the apex acute.
First side-plate produced a little forwards, second to fourth with
lower angles rounded, fifth as deep as fourth in front, its hind lobe
shallow, sixth also bilobed with smooth lower margins. First to
third pleon segments with postero-lateral angles produced to a small
point.

Eyes red (in spirit), placed close to apex of the lateral lobes of the
head. First antenna with stout first joint, shorter than second,
equal in length to the third ; accessory flagellum 6-jointed, rather
longer than third joint of peduncle, principal flagellum imperfect.
Second antenna with fourth and fifth joints subequal, each shorter
than the 10-jointed flagellum.

Mouth-organs characteristic of the genus. Epistome pointed.
Mandibular palp with 3rd joint widened, setose. Inner plate of
first maxilla apparently with few setae. Fourth joint of palp in the
maxillipeds narrow.

First gnathopod slight in structure, 5th joint a little longer than
the somewhat fusiform 6th. Finger in the specimen examined
apparently dwarfed and malformed on one gnathopod, both hand
and finger missing on the other by mutilation.

Second gnathopod large and powerful. The second joint not very
elongate, channeled in front, fourth short, oblong, fifth cup-shaped,
on the outer side very short, and not very long on the inner, sixth
muscular, much longer than broad, front margin smooth, hind
short, carrying slender spines at five points and ending in a tooth,
which is slightly overlapped by the apex of the elongate finger.
The long palm from a smooth curve near the finger-hinge develops a
tooth followed after a short interval by one less large, and after a
longer interval by a third more prominent, whence a long slope
leads to the small palm-defining tooth. The finger on the proximal
half of its inner margin has four or five minute teeth or serrations.

The first and second peraeopods are of the usual form, with cement
glands well developed. The third and fifth pairs are much shorter
than the fourth, all three being distinguished in the second joint by
the irregular denticulation of the hind margin, which is slightly
sinuous in the fourth and fifth pairs, but forms a strongly produced
lobe proximally in the third pair.

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

The pleopods are furnished with coupling hooks and cleft spines.
The rami are slender, about ten-jointed.

The uropods in each pair have the rami nearly equal to one
another and to the peduncle, the first pair being the longest, and the
third much the shortest. The telson is broader than long, shorter
than the peduncle of the third uropods, its sides very convex above,
the distal margin truncate on the ventral surface, dorsally having a
rounded emargination and spines on each blunt apex.

Length, from head to fourth pleon segment, 5 mm.

Locality. Dredged between Bird Island and mainland, in 10-16
fathoms.

The quadridentate palm of the second gnathopods and the peculiar
hind margin in the last three peraeopods are very distinctive marks
of this species. The superior length of the fourth pergeopods is
rather unusual.

The specific name is chosen in compliment to Dr. S. J. Holmes,
Ph.D., in recognition of his careful and beautifully illustrated work
on The Amphipoda of Southern Neio England and other valuable
labours in this branch of research.

EURYSTHEUS ATLANTICUS (Stebbing).

Plate XL.B.

1888. Gammaropsis atlantica, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda,

Reports, vol. xxix., p. 1101, pi. 114.
1893. Protomedeia ? atlantica, Delia Valle, Fauna und Flora des

Golfes von Neapel, vol. xx., p. 441.
1906. Eurystheus atlanticits, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,

p. 611.

The single specimen from which this species was originally de-
scribed was a female. The sexes agree in most particulars, especially
in the peculiar lageniform eyes adjoining the margin of the head
and occupying its much-produced lateral angles. The second
gnathopod, however, is a distinguishing feature, being in the male
more massive, with a more strongly sculptured palm, in which the
defining tooth is separated by a pronounced excavation from the
irregularly crenate remainder of the margin. The finger also in
the male does not overlap the palmar tooth as in the female, and,
being widened at the middle, it has the inner edge not concave.
The second joint in the third peraeopods is broadly oval, nearly as
broad as long, with the convex hind margin smooth.

SoutJi African Crustacea. 87

The first and second uropods are strongly spined. The telson is
but little longer than broad, apically acute.

Locality. Dredged between Bird Island and mainland, in 10-16
fathoms, and in lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 00" E. ; 47 fathoms.

EURYSTHEUS AFEB (Stebbing).

1888. Gammaropsis afra, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda, Eeports,

vol. xxix., p. 1097, pi. 113.
1893. Protomedeia ? afra, Delia Valle, Fauna und Flora des

Golfes von Neapel, vol. xx., p. 440.
1906. Eurystheus afer, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,

p. 612.

Between this and the preceding species the most obvious dis-
tinctions are in the shape of the head, here much less produced, and
in the eyes, here obliquely oblong instead of lageniform.

Locality. The two species (or perhaps varieties) occurred in the
same dredgings. E. atlanticus appears to be more brilliantly
coloured, or to be more retentive of its colouring than E. afer.

FAMILY COEOPHIID^.

GEN. CAMACHO, Stebbing.
1888. Camacko, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda, Reports, vol.

xxix., p. 1178.
1906. Camacho, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda, p. 664.

CAMACHO BATHYPLOUS, Stebbing.

1888. Camacho bathy pious, Stebbing, Challenger Amphipoda, Re-
ports, vol. xxix., p. 1179, pi. 127.
1904. Camacho bathyploiis, Coutiere, Bull. Soc. philomatique

(Extrait, p. 8).
1906. Camacho bathyplous, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda,

p. 665.

The South African specimen, though smaller than that obtained
by the Challenger, is in more perfect condition. Both are females.

The eyes are small, but distinct. In the earlier specimen they
had disappeared. The second antennae have the fourth and fifth
joints of the peduncle long, subequal, the flagellum 11-jointed, not
so long as the last joint of the peduncle. In the first and second
gnathopods the fifth joint is less elongate than in the Challenger

88 Annals of the South African Mviseum.

specimen. The first and second perasopods have the fourth joint
much longer than the fifth or sixth, the sixth tapering, rather longer
than the fifth, the finger needle-like. The third, fourth, and fifth
perseopods all have the second joint narrow. The third pair corre-
spond with the detached unnumbered peraeopod figured in the
Challenger report. The fourth and fifth pairs are much longer
than the third pair, and have the fifth joint much shorter than the
fourth or sixth.

The marsupial plates, especially those of the first and second
peraeopods are long, strongly fringed, and are evidently assisted in
their function by the long narrow branchial vesicles.

Length of the specimen 11 mm.

Locality. Lat. 33 9' 30" S., long. 28 3' 0" E. Depth, 47 fathoms ;
bottom, sand, shell and rock. The Challenger specimen, 16 mm.
long, was taken off New Zealand in lat. 40 28' S., long. 177 43' E.,
at a reputed depth of 1,100 fathoms.

Professor Coutiere discusses the relationship of Camacho batliy-
plous and Bonnier 's Chevreuxius grandimanus to his own Grandi-
ii/crdla mahafalensis from Madagascar. A second species of
&randidierella is now known, but not yet published.

(89)

INDEX.

PAGE

sequinoctialis ( Scyllarides) 29

afer (Eurystheus) 87

affiiris (Glycerina) 67

af/inis (Squilla) 2

affinis (Xantho) 7

afro, (Gammar opsis) 87

alcicornis (Antarcturus) 53

Amaryllis 67

Ampelisca 69

Amphipoda 59

amplif rons (Cymodoce) 48

amplifrons (Exosphceroma) 48

Aniculus 23

anisuropus (Sybils) , Plate XXX VI . 72

annulata (Chary bdis) 10

annnlatus (Portunus) 10

anomala (Macrura) 18

Antarcturus 52

Aora 84

Aoridae 84

Arcturella 51

Arcturidcs 50

Arcturus 51

areolata (Galacantha) 19

arrosor (Dardanus) 23

arrosor (Pagurus) 22

Astacilla 51

Astacillidse 50

atlantica (Gammar opsis) 86

atlantica (Protomedeia ?) 86

atlanticus (Eurystheus), XL.B ... 86

australis (Tiron), Plate XXXVIII. 79

batei (Acanthaphyra) 35

Bathygyge 57

beautnontii (Pentacheles) 25

bathyplous (Camacho) 87

beauinontii (Polycheles) 25

bellis (Galacantha) 19

Bernhardus 24

Blastidse 5

Bopyridse 56

bouvieri (Pseudotiron) 81

brevicornis (Ampelisca) 70

PAGE

brevicornis (Araneops) 70

biirgeri (Palinurus) 34

biirgeri (Panulirus) 34

biirgeri (Senex) 34

Byblis 71

Calappa 17

Calappidse 17

calcarata (Gnathophausia) 43

Carnacho 87

Cardisoma 14

Caridea 35

carnif ex (Cancer) 14

carnifex (Cardiosoma) 14

carnifex (Cardisoma) 14

Catometopa 12

Ceradocus 81

Charybdis 9

chevreuxi (Elasmopoides), Plate

XXXIX 82

Chevreuxius 88

chiltoni (Ampelisca) 69

Cirolanidce 45

Clibanarius 20

clibanarius (Clibanarius) 21

Conilorpheus 46

Corophiidse 87

costatus (Diogenes) 24

Cycloidura 49

Cyclometopa 6

dentata (Ranina) 16

diacantlia (Naxia) 5

diacanthus (Halimus) 5

cliacanthus (Hyastenus) 5

Diogenes 24

dubia (Liljeborgia) 78

dubius (Eiisirus) 78

Elasmopoides

elisabethse (Scyllarides), Plate

XXX 30

Epicaridea 56

Eryonidse 25

90

Index.

PAGE

Eryonidea 25

eudora (Cancer} 7

Eupalaemon 41

Eurydicidse 45

Eurystheus 84

exaratus (Chlorodius) 7

exaratus (Leptodius) 8

excavata (Harpinia) 73

Flabellifera 45

flavipes (Goniopsis) 13

f usca (Ampelisca) 70

Galacantha 19

Galatheidae 18

Galatheidea 18

Gammaridse 81

Gammaridea 59

Gecarcinidse 14

geniculata (Pontharpinia) 74

genuina (Brachyura) 2

genuina (Isopoda) 45

genuina (Macrura) 25

Geocarcinidcc 14

Glyphocrangon 36

Glyphocrangonidae 36

Gnathophausia 42

Ganiosoma 9

Grandidierella 88

grandis (Bathygyge), Plate

XXXIII 57

granulatns (Charybdis) 9

granulatus (Polycheles) 25

Grapsidse 12

Grapsus 12

guanhumi (Cardisoma) 14

Guerina 59

Gueri/nella ... 59

Guerinia 59

Halimus 5

Harpinia 73

haswelli (Liljeborgia) 78

hemibranchiatee (Sphseromidse)... 48

hepatica (Calappa) 17

hepaticus (Cancer} 17

Hippomedon 64

holmesi (Eurystheus), Plate XL.A 85

Hyastenus 5

hydrophilus (Cancer) 7

hydrophilus (Xantho) 7

Iduna 78

incequalis (Cancer) 7

incisus (Pagurus) ... 23

ingens (Gnathophausia) 43

investigatoris (Galacantha) 19

Isopoda 45

kladophoros (Antarcturus), Plate

XXXII 53

lavigata (Ampelisca) 70

PAGE

Leontocaris 1

lepidactyloides (Paltcmori) 40

lepidactylus (Macrobrachium) 40

lepidactylus (Macroterocheir) 41

lepidactylus (Palcemmi) 40

Leptodius 7

lignorum (Cymothoa) 50

lignorum (Limnoria) 50

Liljeborgia 78

Liljeborgiidse 78

Limnoria 50

Limnoriidee 50

longimanus (Hippomedon) 64

longimanus (Platamoii) 64

longipes (Grapsus) 13

longirostris (Glyphocrangon) 38

longirostris (RJiachocaris} 38

Lophogastridsp 42

Lupa 11

Lupoida 9

Lysiaiiassidse 59

Macrobrachium 2, 39

macrophthalmus (Amaryllis) 67

Macroterocheir 2, 39

Macrura 18, 25

Mamaia 3

Mamaiidse 2

megistos (Dardanus) 21

megistos (Pagurus) 21

mossambicus (Macrobrachiiim) ... 41*

nanus (Pentacheles) 27

nanus (Polycheles) 27

natator (Charybdis), Plates

XXVIII., XXIX 9

natator (Thalamita) 9

Nematopagurus 23

nepa (Squilla) 44

nicceensis (Guerinia) 60-63

onconotus (Tryphosa), Plate

XXXV ! 65

oratoria (Squilla) 45

Oxyrrhyncha 2

Oxystomata 15

Paguridse 20

Paguridea 20

Pagu rus 21

Palsemon idae 39

Palinura 28

PalinuridsE 33

Panulirus 33

pelagica (Lupa) 12

pelagicus (Neptunus) 12

pelagicus (Portuavus) 12

penicillatus (Palinurus) 33

penicillatus (Panulirus) 33

penicillatus (Senex) 33

Index.

91

PAGE

Photidse 84

Phoxocephalidae 73

Plastocrangon 86

Platymaia 4

Pleuroprion 51

Polycheles 25

Pontharpinia 74

Portunidse 8

Prostomatse 59

ptinctulatiis (Pagurus) 21

queketti (Mamaia), Plate XXVII. 3

raniformis (Cancer} 16

Ranina 16

Raninidfe 15

ranimts (Cancer') 16

rascJiii (Trischizostoma) 61

remipes (Trischizostoma), Plate

XXXIV 61

Rhachocarince 06

Rliacliocaris 36

rostrata (Galacantha) 20

rostrata (Munidopsis) 20

rubromaculatus (Ceradocus) 81

rubrornaculatus (Gammarus} 81

rudis (Eupalaemon) 41

rudis (Palcemcm~) 41

scabra (Albunea) 16

scabra (Hippo) 16

scabra (Ranina) 16

Schizopoda 42

sculpta (Rhacliocaris) 37

sculptus (Glyphocrangon) 37

sculptus (Polycheles) 26-28

sculptus (Scyllar ides) 29

scutifrons (Conilorpheus), Plate

XXXI 46

Scyllaridse 28

Scyllaridea 28

Scyllarides 29

Senex 33

PAGE

sergestes 35

serrata (Ranina) 16

setulosum (Exosphceroma') 48

sexdentata (Charybdis) 10

Sphseroma 49

Sphseromidse 48

spinigera (Maja) 3

spinigera (Paramaya) 3

Squilla .' 2, 44

Squillidse 44

stimpsoni (Pontharpinia), Plate

XXXVII 75

Stomatopoda 44

striatus (Pagurus) 22

strigosa (Goniopsis) 13

strigosus (Grapsus) 13

strigosus (Pagums) 22

talismanii (Galacantha) 19

terebrans (Limnoria) 50

terebrans (Sphseroma) 49

Tiroii 79

Tironidce 79

Trischizostoma 1, 59

Tryphosa 65

tuberculata (Calappa) 18

turbynei (Platymaia) 4

typica (Aora) 84

uncirostrata (Pontharpinia) 74

valida (Cymodoce) 48

validum (Exosphcerama) 48

Valvifera 50

vulgaris (Clibanarius) 21

wyville-thomsoni (Platymaia) 4

Xanthidae 6

Xanthinse 6

Xantho 7

Zuzara 49

(93)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

TJie Plates are numbered in the first line consecutively to those of " South
African Crustacea," Part III.

PLATE I. (XXVII.)
Mamaia qiieketti, n. sp.
Dorsal view of male, from photograph.

PLATE II. (XXVIII.)
Cliarybdis natator (Herbst).
Dorsal view of male, from photograph.

PLATE III. (XXIX.)

Cliarybdis natator (Herbst).
Ventral view of the same specimen, from photograph.

PLATE IV. (XXX.)
Scyllarides elisabetha (Ortmann).
Dorsal view of female, from photograph.

PLATE V. (XXXI.)
Ccmilorpheus scutifrons, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of male specimen figured below in lateral
view complete, and in dorsal view, with the body separated between the
fifth and sixth segments of the peraeon.

c. Dorsal view of head, with first and second antennae (eyes omitted).

mx. 1, mx. 2, mxp. First and second maxillae and maxilliped, more enlarged
than the other appendages.

gn. 1, 2 ; prp. 1, 2, 3, 5. First and second gnathopods, and first, second, third,

and fifth peraeopods.

pip. 2, urp. Second pleopod and uropod.
T. Apex of telsonic segment, enlarged on the same scale as the mouth-organs.

94 Explanation of Plates.

PLATE VI. (XXXII.)
Antarcturus kladophoros, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of the female specimen figured above in lateral
view.

c.p. Dorsal process of head much magnified.

oc., a.i., a.s. Part of head with eye, and second antenna incomplete; first

antenna, detached, with higher magnification of its apex,
fl. a.i. Flagellum of second antenna.

l.s., Li., mxp. Upper lip with epistome, lower lip, maxilliped. These are more
highly magnified than the other appendages, except the uropod.

gn. 1, prp. 2, 3, pip. First gnathopod ; second and third peraeopods, and first
pleopod.

urp. Uropod, with greater enlargement of the rami.
PI. Dorsal view of pleon.

PLATE VII. (XXXIII.)

Bathygyge grandis, Hansen.

n.s. ? , n.s. 3 . Lines indicating natural size of the female and male specimens
figured for the female in dorsal and ventral view, and for the male in
dorsal.

mxp, 1 , prp. ? , PI. ? . Maxilliped, a perteopod with higher enlargement of
apical portion, and pleon of the female. The remaining figures refer to
the male.

a.s., a.i., m., mxp. First and second antennae, mandible and maxilliped.
gn. 1. prp. 2. First gnathopod and second peraeopod, each with higher enlarge-
ment of distal portion.
PI. Pleon.

PLATE VIII. (XXXIV.)

Trischizostoma remipes, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of specimen figured below in lateral view,
a.s., a.i. First and second antennae.

l.s., m., nix. 1, mx. 2, mxp. Upper lip, mandible, first and second maxillae,
maxillipeds. These are more highly magnified than the other append-
ages.

gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 2,5. First and second gnathopods ; second peraeopod (part),
and fifth peraeopod.

PI., urp. 1, 2, 3. Dorsal view of pleou from the fourth segment, with telson,
first and second uropods on the right, and the pair of third uropods.

PLATE IX. (XXXV.)
Tryphosa onconotus, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of specimen figured below in lateral view,
a.s., a.i. First and second antennas.

m., mx. 1, rnx. 2, mxp. Mandible, first and second maxillae, maxilliped, more
enlarged than the other appendages.

gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 2, 3, 4, 5. First and second gnathopods (with apical portion of
each to the same scale as the mouth-organs), second, third, fourth, and
fifth perseopods.

Explanation of Plates. 95

urp. 1, -2, 3. First, second, and third uropods.

PI., T. Pleon from end of second segment in lateral view ; telson in dorsal view,
on the scale of the uropods and also on that of the mouth-organs.

PLATE X. (XXXVI.)
Byblis anisuropus, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of specimen figured above in lateral view.

C. Lateral view of head, with bases of antennae.

a.s. First antenna.

l.s. , Li., m., mx. 1, mx. 2, mxp. Upper and lower lips, mandible, first and

second maxillae, and maxillipeds, more highly magnified than the other

appendages. Enlargement of armature of mx. 1 higher than any of the

other figures except telson.
gn. 1, gn. 2. prp. 2, 3, 4, 5. First and second gnathopods ; second, third,

fourth and fifth peraeopods, with distal parts of gn. 2, and prp. 3 and

5 more highly magnified.

urp. 1, 2, 3, T. First, second, and third uropods ; dorsal view of telson to
the same scale, and also on a higher scale than all the other figures
except armature of mx. 1.

PLATE XI. (XXXVII.)
Pontharpinia stimpsoni, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of female specimen figured above in lateral

view.

C. Dorsal view of head,
a.s., a.i. First and second antennae,
m., l.i., mx. 1, mx. 2, mxp. Mandible, lower lip, first and second maxillee,

and rnaxilliped. These parts, with the tip of finger of gn. 2, and the

telson are magnified on a higher scale than the other appendages,
gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 1, 3, 4, 5. First and second gnathopods ; first, third, fourth,

and fifth perseopods.
urp. 1, 2, 3, T. First, second, and third uropods ; telson on the same scale as the

limbs, and also on the scale of the mouth-organs, in dorsal view.

PLATE XII. (XXXVIII.)
Tiron australis, n. sp.

n.s. c? , n.s. ? . Lines indicating natural size of the adjoining figure of male
specimen in lateral view, and of an unfigured female specimen.

a.s., a.i. First and second antennae.

m., mx. 1, rnx. 2, mxp. Mandible, first and second maxillae, and part of rnaxil-
liped. Apex of palp of first maxilla more highly magnified than the
other figures. All the mouth-organs more highly magnified than
the other appendages.

gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. First and second gnathopods, and the five
perieopods.

urp. 1, 2, 3, T. First, second, and third uropods, and the telson. Telson
further enlarged, but to a lower scale than that of the mouth-
organs.

96 Explanation of Plates.

PLATE XIII. (XXXIX.)
Elasmopoides chevreuxi, n. g. et sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of female specimen figured above in lateral
view.

l.s., l.i., m., mx. 1, mx. 2, mxp. Upper and lower lips, mandible, first and
second maxillse, and maxillipeds. These parts are more highly magnified
than the other appendages, except the finger of prp. 2.

gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 2, 5. First and second gnathopods ; second and fifth perseo-
pods ; the finger of prp. 2 more highly magnified than any of the
other figures.

urp. 3, T. Third uropod, and dorsal view of telson in attachment to sixth
pleon segment.

PLATE XIV. (XL.A.)
Eurystlieus holmesi, n. sp.

n.s. Line indicating natural size of male specimen figured below in lateral
view.

gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 3, 4, 5. First and second gnathopods, and third, fourth, and
fifth perseopods.

urp. 1, 2, 3. First uropod in attachment to fourth pleon segment in lateral
view ; second and third uropods in attachment respectively to fifth
and sixth pleon segments, and the telson, in dorsal view.

PLATE XV. (XL.B.)
Eimjstlieus atlanticus (Stebbing).

gn. 1, gn. 2, prp. 3. First gnathopod with higher magnification of the finger,
second gnathopod, second and third joints of the third peraeopod.

urp. 1, 2, 3, T. First, second, and third uropods ; telson attached to sixth
pleon segment in dorsal view. All the parts figured from a male
specimen.

Ann. S. A trie. Mus. Vol. VI.

Plate I.
(Crustacea. Plate XXVII.)

Johnson. Bird & Co. phot.

MAMAIA QUEKETTI, N. SP.

West. Newman proc.

Ann. S. At'ric. Mus. Vol. VI.

1'hite II.
(Crustacea. Plate XXVIII.)

Johnson, Bird & Co. phot.

West. Newman proc.

CHARYBDIS NATATOR (Herbst.

Ann. S. A trie. Mus. Vol. VI.

Plate III.
(Crustacea. Plate XXIX.)

Johnson. Bird & Co. phot. West. Newman proc.

CHARYBDIS NATATOR (Herbst.).

Ann. S. At'ric. Mus. Vol. VI.

Plate IV
(Crustacea. Plate XXX.

Johnson. B,rd & Co. phot. West Newman P roc '

SCYLLARIDES ELISABETHS (Ortnunui).

Ann. S. Afp. Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea. Plate XXXI.

.V.

.4 i Tr

"* w

'

mx.2.

mxp.

UPD.

Del.MLX.Stebbinq.

CONLLOHPHEUS SCUTIFRONS

"Test, l>"ev/man ;?np.

Aim.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea. Plate XXXII.

VI.

Dei.T.H.R.Stebbimg.

urp.

ANTARCTURUS Kl ' 1 OPHOROS w,

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vc,

Crustacea. Plate XXXIII.

PI .VII.

Del . T.TLR.Stebbing. West, Newman imp.

BATHYGYGE GRANDIS Hansen.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea. Plate XXXIV.

pi.vur.

Del. T.R.R.Steb"bing.

TRISCHIZOSTOMA r^EMIP-E S n.sp.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea. Plate JCXXV.

PL IX.

Del.T.R.R.Stebtung.

TRYPHOSA ONCONOTUS n.sp.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.VolVI

Crustacea. Plate X V XY[

Pl.X.

as.

O '/

: '' / /f

Del.T.R.R.Stebbing.

Lrp.3.

BYBLIS ANISUROPUS n sp.

West, Newman imp.

Ann.S.Afp.Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea Plate XXXVII.

PI. XL

Del.T.R.R.Stebbing.

' prp.S.
West, Newman imp.

PONTHARPIN1A STJMPSONI n.sp.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.VI.
9

Crustacea. Plate XXXVIII.

PI

JL

n.s.'

prp.2

Del.TR.E.Stebbing.

West, Newman imp.

TJRON AUSTRALIS, n.sp.

AniL.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea. Plate XXXIX.

PI

. m .

West-, Newman imp.

ELASMOPOIDES CHEVREUXI ng.etsp.

Ann.S.Afr.Mus.Vol.VI.

Crustacea. Plate XL.

PL xr .

Del.T.R.R.Stebbing.

He .

A.EURYSTHEUS HOLME SI n.sp. B.EURYSTHEUS AIDANT ^t

97 )

2. The Blcnniidce of South Afr/m By J. D. F. GILCHRIST, M.A.,
D.Sc., PH.D.; and W. WAKDLAW THOMPSON.

THE Blenniidae (Blennies, or Klipfish) of South Africa, though
comparatively abundant and easily procured, are very imperfectly
known. Those that have been described are often so insufficiently
characterised that they cannot with certainty be identified, due also
in a large measure to the procuring of isolated specimens and the
description of unimportant characters.

The following review of this family of fish in South African waters
is based on collections made at Walwich Bay by Mr. Scully, at East
London by Mr. Brooking and Mr. J. Wood, at Natal by Mr. Bomer
Eobinson, and at various places by the authors.

The most prominent feature is the presence of numerous species
of the genus Clinus, there being 22 species as contrasted with 16 of
all the other genera of the Blenniidse represented here. Of the nine
known species we have been able to identify eight with a fair amount
of certainty, and to draw up a revised description of these from an
examination of numerous specimens. The one species of which
we have not yet found a specimen is C. heterodon, and Valenciennes,
original description of this is merely abstracted. Twelve new species
and one new variety are now described ; most of them are well
characterised, but in the case of two (Clinus supcrciliosus var.
arborescens, and Clinus ornatus) it was only after an examination
of many specimens that we found it necessary to separate them
from Clinus superciliosus.

The distribution of this genus (Clinus) is also of interest, the
species representing it being much more abundant in the colder
waters of the Cape Peninsula and West Coast. Only one species
has been found, by Mr. Eobinson, in Natal, though he readily
procured specimens of Blennius, Salarias, &c. From personal
examination of such localities as the Cape Peninsula and Durban
we have found that this is a most striking feature of the marine
fauna, various species of Clinus occurring in almost every rock-pool

7

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

of the first-named locality, and species of Blennius and Salarias
occurring as abundantly at the latter.

We have found that a natural division of the genus Clinus may
be made into those with a distinct but not separate crest, and those
without one. Ogilby (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales X., 1885,
p. 226) has suggested the generic name Petraites for species in
which " the third dorsal spine is connected to the basal portion
of the first spine of the second dorsal," and the name Clinus for
those in which the third spine " is connected to the middle or upper
half of the first spine of second dorsal." In our South African
species, however, it is found that the height at which the connecting
membrane of the crest is attached to the fourth spine is not con-
stant, varying from a fourth or fifth to a half in individuals of the
same species (Clinus superciliosus) ; under these circumstances it
seems preferable whilst retaining for the present the genus Clinus
in the text as including both forms to keep this name for the
crested form and to group the non-crested under another genus, for
which we suggest the name Clinoides. We retain the name Cristiceps
for those forms in which the first dorsal is distinctly separate from
the second, the membrane not being joined on to the second; and
this irrespective of the position of the first dorsal spines with
reference to the eye.

FAMILY BLENNIID2E.

Body elongate, generally low and more or less cylindrical ; naked,
or covered with moderate sized or small scales which are ctenoid or
cycloid; lateral line variously developed, wanting, or duplicated;
mouth large or small, teeth various. Dorsal fin occupying nearly
the whole of the back and sometimes joined to the caudal ; formed
either wholly of spines, or of spines and soft rays, or of soft rays
alone. Anal fin long, similar to soft dorsal, with or without anterior
spines, and sometimes joined to caudal. Ventral fins jiigular or
sub-thoracic, usually formed of one hidden spine and from one
to three soft rays, which are sometimes divided. Caudal fin well
developed. No bony stay to sub-orbitals which often have a shelf.
Scapula perforate.

Fishes of moderate or small size generally found about the fore-
shore, though some are known to inhabit deeper water. Mostly
carnivorous and oviparous ; the genus Clinus, however, is mostly
viviparous.

The Blcnniidce of South Africa. 99

Synopsis of the Genera described,
(a) Spinous and soft portions of dorsal fin of nearly equal extent.

1. Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immovable teeth

and generally a posterior canine on one or both jaws. Gill

opening wide BLENNIUS.

2. Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immovable teeth

and a strong curved posterior canine on each side. Gill
opening reduced to a small foramen above root of pectorals.
Dorsal fin low ASPIDONTUS.

3. Closely allied to Aspidontus, but dorsal fin with anterior spines

elevated PETROSCIRTES.

4. Jaws with a series of numerous small movable teeth implanted

in the gum, with or without posterior canines. Dorsal

single, and with or without a notch. Gill opening wide . . SAL ARIAS.

(It) Dorsal fin or fins composed chiefly of spiens with a few posterior rays.

5. A single dorsal fin composed of many spines and one or more

soft rays. Teeth in a narrow band or cluster, or a single
series often with a band or cluster of smaller teeth behind
them, on each jaw : teeth on vomer CLINUS.

6. Two dorsal fins, the anterior composed of three spines . . . . CRISTICEPS.

7. Three dorsal fins, the two anterior being spinous TRIPTERYGIUM.

BLENNIUS, L.

Body moderately elongate, naked. Snout short ; profile of head
bluntly rounded ; cleft of mouth small, horizontal. A single series
of slender, curved, close-set, immovable teeth on each jaw, with a
curved canine on each side of both jaws or of the lower jaw only.
Gill-opening wide. Tentacles above the orbits more or less
developed, sometimes absent. Dorsal fin entire, with a more or
less pronounced notch between the spinous and soft portions.
Ventrals jugular, formed by a hidden spine and two rays, the latter
split into two, well developed. Pectorals moderate. Lateral line
developed anteriorly.

BLENNIUS BIFILUM, Giinth.

Blennius bifilum, Giinth., iii., p. 225.

No curved posterior canines. Depth of body equals length of
head and is 4f times in total length excluding caudal. Distance
from eye to point of snout 1^- times diameter of eye, which is
3f times in length of head and 1| times interorbital width ; depth

100 Annals of the South African Museum.

of caudal peduncle about 2 to 2-J. times in length of head. No orbital
tentacles, but there is a pair of slender tapering filaments on the
nape ; interorbital space depressed in centre ; snout very obtuse,
with anterior profile abruptly descending; upper lip thick and
projects beyond lower, maxillary reaches barely to vertical of
anterior margin of orbits ; eyes prominent and placed high in the
head, bulging at interorbital space.

Dorsal xi 18 ; commences over posterior border of operculum and
does not quite reach base of caudal ; soft-rayed portion higher than
spinous, a notch between spinous and soft dorsal. Pectorals 14 ;
slightly longer than head and reach to vertical of origin of anal,
pointed, middle rays longest. Ventrals i 2 ; about 4 length of head.
Anal 20 ; 1st ray short, remainder about the height of spinous
dorsal, membranes incised. Caudal nearly as long as head, truncate,
rays divided. Lateral line tubes only apparent anteriorly where the
lateral line is arched over the pectorals.

Colour (of preserved specimens), grey, seven or eight transverse
dark bands cross body, extending partly on to fins ; dorsal with dull
brown dots, also on caudal, where they form cross bands; scattered
over the body more or less distinctly are small circular or oval areas
devoid of pigment and sometimes bordered by a dark circle.

Four specimens, 43 mm., 51 mm., 53 mm., 55 mm. in length,
respectively, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

BLENXIUS CORNUTUS, L.

(Bijter.)

Blenmus, sp. Gronov. Zoophyl., n. 264.

Blennius cornutus, L. Amoen. Acacl., 1, p. 316, and Mus. Ad. Fried.,
p. 161 ; Bl. Schn., p. 169; Gronov. Syst, Ed. Gray, p. 95; Giinth.,
iii., p. 213.

Blennius grandicornis, Cuv. and Val, xi., p. 258.

A strong slightly-curved canine on each side of lower jaw, a-
slightly smaller one on each side of upper [in one specimen one side
of the lower jaw had 2 canines]. Depth of body 3^ to 4 times in
total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4 times. Distance
from eye to point of snout about twice interorbital width and 1? to
14 times diameter of eye, which is 4-J- to 5 times in length of head ;
depth of caudal peduncle 2| to 3 times in length of head. A
tapering filament, longer in the males than the females, with a group
of shorter filaments springing from its base on each side is situated
on upper posterior angle of each eye, and the anterior nostril has a

The Blenniiclee of South Africa. 101

fringed tentacle or flap ; interorbital space concave ; a deep trans-
verse groove behind orbits, which are prominent and placed high
up : anterior profile of head descends abruptly, snout obtuse, giving
a somewhat swollen appearance to the throat ; upper lip overhangs
lower, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third or middle of
orbits. Mucous pores on head and shoulders ; and the arched
portion of the lateral line is formed by two rows of pores, which are
sometimes apparent as a single row posteriorly.

Dorsal xii 17-20; slightly emarginate, commences about in line
with posterior margin of preoperculum, not joined to caudal ; spines
weak, the anterior ones curved backwards in their upper half and
5 to 4- length of head ; a w 7 ell-defined notch between spinous
and soft-rayed portions, the latter being about equal to or a little
higher than the spinous portion. Pectorals 14, oval in outline,
middle rays longest and T 7 Tr to ^ length of head, membranes incised.
Ventrals i 2 ; 1 to f length of head. Anal n 19-21 ; in the males
the spines are tuberculous, in the females the 1st spine is not always
apparent and there are no tubercles ; soft rays not so high as those
of soft dorsal, membranes incised. Caudal slightly rounded, inner
rays divided, about f length of head.

Colour (alive), dark, with shades of lighter brown or faint bars
on body ; a black margin to anal, lower rays of pectorals pinkish ;
tentacles over eyes light red, grey, &c. ; thoracic and abdominal
region white or light coloured ; a tinge of yellow and pink on body
and fins.

Colour (of preserved specimens), light brown, head and margin of
anal black ; sometimes faint marbling on body.

Four specimens, 84 mm., 93 mm., 103 mm., 107 mm. in length
respectively, from Kalk Bay.

BLENNIUS CEINITUS, C. and V.

Blennius crinitus, Cuv. and Val., xi., p. 237 ; Guichen, Explor.
Alger. Poiss., p. 72 ; Gtinth., hi., p. 224.

A little Blenny remarkable for the number of filaments which it
bears on its brows and nape : above each eye there are 3 small ones,
and in a longitudinal line extending from the interorbital space
nearly to the base of the dorsal there are 10 or 11, of which the
longest is about i the height of the head ; there are apparently no
nasal tentacles. The profile of the head descends rapidly. There
are about 30 fine teeth on each jaw ; no canines, or with very small
ones posteriorly. The head, almost as high as long, is about

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

44- times in the total length. The dorsal is slightly emarginate
above the llth spine, which is about ^ the length of the others ;
it is joined to the back before the caudal. The two first spines of
the anal are tuberculous. Pectorals i length of body ; ventrals the
length of body.

D. xii 14 ; A. n 16-18 ; C. 15 ; P. 16 ; V. i 2.

The colour when fresh appears to be green with brown shades ;
ends of filaments on nape are brown and white, and less markedly
the dorsal spines, with a round black spot between 1st and 2nd
spine ; anal has a black border and the extremities of the rays white.

BLENNIUS CAPITO, C. and V.

Blennius capita, Cuv. and Val., xi., p. 260 ; Giinth., iii., p. 215.

This species is marked by the curved portion of the lateral line
being formed anteriorly by a double row of pores, with a single row
for the rest of its length. Its profile very abrupt, which causes the
swelling of the throat to be more apparent. There is a very marked
transverse depression on the head behind the eyes. A soft skin,
loose and spongy, envelops and nearly hides the dorsal and anal :
head 4f times in total length, it is notably almost as broad as high.
There are 36 or 38 teeth in each jaw ; no canines, or at least only a
very small one posteriorly, scarcely distinguishable from the other
teeth. The length of the ventrals is nearly 9 times in that of the
body. The dorsal is joined to the back before the caudal, which is
not longer than the ventrals. The two fungiform tubercles are very
pronounced. There are several well-marked pores on the cheek.

D. xiii 19 ; A. 23, &c.

In preservative it appears of a blackish brown, paler on the belly,
and several whitish tints are apparent in the form of marbling, &c.

The species is large for the genus 7 or 8 inches.

NOTE. Gunther describes the superciliary margin as swollen,
with a short fringed tentacle posteriorly.

BLENNIUS CASTANEUS, Cast.
Blennius castaneus, Cast. Mem., p. 50.

Very near to B. capito of Cuv. and Val., but the lateral line is
crossed on its anterior portion by a certain number of small trans-
verse incisions, and behind the curve the line is formed of a simple
series of strong and isolated points.

The colour is a uniform chestnut, even that of the eyes. There
are rows of pores round the eyes.

The BlenniidcB of South Africa. 103

D. xi 16; A. 19; C. 13; P. 14; V. 2.

Total length, 90 mm.

This species differs from B. capita in the construction of the lateral
line, and the number of rays in the fins ; it was sent from Algoa,
Bay by Mr. Chabaud.

BLENNIUS SCULLYI, n. sp.

A single large curved tooth on either side of each jaw, those on
the upper jaw smaller than those on the lower. Depth of body
equals length of head, and is about 3f times in total length excluding
caudal. Distance from eye to point of snout If times diameter of
eye, which is 4f times in length of head ; interorbital width
f diameter of eye ; depth of caudal peduncle 3|- times in length
of head. A single filament, with shorter ones springing from its
base, over each eye ; a tentacle on anterior nostril ; interorbital
space with a longitudinal groove ; a transverse groove behind orbits ;
snout obtuse, the anterior profile abruptly descending ; upper jaw
overhangs lower, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of
orbits ; eyes prominent.

Dorsal xii 19 ; commences in line with posterior margin of pre-
operculum, continuous but not joined to caudal ; spinous portion
rather lower than soft-rayed, with a notch between them caused by
shortening of posterior spines ; the last soft ray divided. Pectorals
14 ; broad and pointed, nearly f length of head, reach to anal.
Ventrals i 2 ; about | length of head, rays divided and enclosed in
membrane nearly their whole length. Anal n 21 ; rays slightly
thickened at extremities, shorter anteriorly, membranes slightly
incised. Caudal slightly rounded, ^ length of head.

Colour (of preserved specimen), light greyish brown, mottled;
a dark patch on membrane between 1st and 2nd dorsal spines.

A single specimen, 70 mm. in length, from Mr. Scully, Walwich
Bay, after whom it has been named.

BLENNIUS OCELLATUS, n. sp.

No large curved teeth in jaws. Depth of body 3f to 4 times in
total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f to 4|- times. Dis-
tance from eye to point of snout equals diameter of eye, which is
about 3i times in length of head ; interorbital width f diameter of
eye ; depth of caudal peduncle 2f to 2f times in length of head.
A long filament over the centre of each eye, sometimes divided
at the extremity, with a cluster of short filaments branching off its
base generally in the rear ; interorbital space with a longitudinal

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

groove ; profile of snout almost vertical, upper lip very slightly over-
hanging lower, cleft of mouth small and lateral, maxillary reaches to
vertical of anterior third or middle of orbits ; eyes placed high up
and to the front. A series of mucous pores round orbits, a row
along posterior and lower margins of preoperculum, and a row on
each side of arch of lateral line.

Dorsal xii 21 ; commences a little behind posterior margin of
preoperculum and reaches to about base of caudal ; spinous and
soft-rayed portions about equal in height, length of head, with a
very slight notch between them caused by shortening of last spine
and first ray ; soft rays and posterior spines are slightly tuberculose
at their extremity. Pectorals 14 ; oval and slightly pointed, about
r % length of head. Ventrals i 2 ; about i length of head. Anal
ii 21 ; spines with a pronounced tubercle on each, extremities of
rays slightly tuberculose ; a minute tubercle between 1st spine and
anus. Caudal slightly rounded, rays split at the extremity, about
f length of head. Lateral line a double row of openings only visible
anteriorly.

Colour, light yellowish brown or grey, with broad dark cross-
bands, and a dark spot on dorsal between the 3rd and 5th dorsal
spines over the band behind the pectorals.

Two specimens, 68 mm. and 61 mm. in length respectively,
obtained by the Pieter Faure (s.) in False Bay ; the larger caught
in the dredge, in 9 fms., about 1 mile off Zwartklip, the smaller
(grey one) in the shrimp trawl, in 14 fms., about 2^ miles off Seal
Island.

The species is distinguished from B. capita by the absence of the
transverse groove behind tentacles, ocellated spot on dorsal, &c.

NOTE. After this paper was in print we received a copy of a
paper by Mr. Tate Eegan describing a collection of fishes made by
Dr. Warren. One of his new species (Salarias kosiensis) corresponds
closely to a species which we had described as new, and we substi-
tute his prior name. He also describes a new species of Blennius
(B. punctifer), specimens of which we have not yet procured : his
description of this species will be found on p. 141.

ASPIDONTUS, Cuv.

Body elongate, naked. Mouth small, with a single row of
immovable teeth in each jaw and a strong curved canine on each
side, those of the lower jaw much stronger than those of the upper.
Gill-opening closed beneath and reduced to a small foramen above

The BlenniidcB of South Africa. 105

the root of the pectorals. Dorsal fin low, the anterior spines not
elevated. Ventrals jugular, composed of from 2 to 4 rays.

ASPIDONTUS WOODI, n. sp.

Canine teeth strong, especially in lower jaw. Depth of body
about equals length of head, and is 5y^ times in total length ex-
cluding caudal. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 times
diameter of eye, which equals interorbital width and is 4f times in
length of head. No orbital tentacles, but there is a crest on the
head twice the diameter of the eye in height and extending from
above anterior margin of orbits to nape ; snout obtuse and projecting
slightly beyond mouth ; upper jaw longer than lower and upper lip
overhangs ; mouth small and cleft slightly oblique, maxillary reaches
to vertical of anterior third of orbits ; eyes placed high up and with
a row of pores round their posterior margin ; a large pore below
mandibles at each corner of mouth.

Dorsal xii 20 ; commences in line with opercular border and
extends to base of caudal, spines weak ; 1st spine -f length of head,
remainder successively lengthening, the last spine being ^ higher
than the first. Membranes of soft rays slightly notched, ends of
rays filamentous, longest ray about 1^- times length of head. Pec-
torals 13 ; slightly longer than head. Ventrals i 2 ; about f length
of head. Anal 21 ; low anteriorly, rising to about i length of head,
membranes slightly emarginate. Caudal about li times length of
head, broad and rounded. Body elongate and slightly compressed,
its depth varies very slightly for the greater part of its length ; depth
of caudal peduncle more than ^ the greatest depth of the body.
Lateral line indistinct.

Colour (of preserved specimen) brown, with about a dozen dark
transverse curved bars on body ; no spots.

A single specimen, 80 mm. in length, from Nahoon River; sent
by Mr. J. Wood, after whom it is named, and who has collected
many specimens of marine animals.

PETEOSCIETES, Eiippell.

This genus is closely allied to Aspidontus, differing chiefly in the
elevated dorsal fin, the anterior spines being much higher than the
others.

? PETEOSCIETES FILAMENTOSUS, C. and V.

Blennechis filamentosus, Cuv. and Val., xi., p. 280, pi. 326.

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

Petroskirtes rostratus (Solander), Bleek, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl.,
ii., Amboina, p. 62.

Petroscirtes filamentosus, Giinth., iii., p. 231.

No canines in upper jaw, those of lower jaw strong. Depth of
body 5 times in total length excluding caudal, nearly 5f with caudal ;
length of head 4 times excluding, 4f times with caudal. Distance
from eye to point of snout li times diameter of eye, which is
1^ times in interorbital width and 4f times in length of head; depth
of caudal peduncle 2^- times in length of head. No orbital tentacles
or crest on head ; snout produced and conical, projecting much
beyond cleft of mouth, which is lateral ; upper jaw projecting beyond
lower, mouth inferior, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin
of orbits.

Dorsal xxxvi. ; commences in line with posterior margin of pre-
operculurn and extends nearly to caudal ; anterior spines elongate and
filamentous, about the length of the head. Pectorals 14 ; pointed,
lower rays longest and nearly f length of head. Ventrals 3 ; the 3rd
ray very short and weak, the others filamentous and i length of
head. Anal 26 ; 1st ray short, 2nd about 1^ times as long,
remainder subequal and -j length of head ; membranes slightly
incised. Caudal about T \ T length of head, with a vertical margin and
notched.

Colour (of preserved specimen) uniform brown, a dark horizontal
band through the eye and extending on to the body, large dark
brown patches on anterior crest of dorsal and at intervals behind it.

One specimen, 54 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter Faure
in St. Lucia Bay.

SALAEIAS, Cuv.

Body moderately elongate, naked. Snout short. Cleft of mouth
transverse. Tentacles above orbits more or less developed. A row
of small movable teeth in the gums generally with a posterior curved
canine on each side of lower jaw. Dorsal single, sometimes divided
by a more or less deep notch between the spinous and soft-rayed
portions. Ventrals jugular, formed by a small hidden spine and
from two to four rays. A crest on the head in many cases, but in
some species this has been found to be confined to the males. Gill-
openings wide.

This genus includes the species classified by Jordan and Everman
under Entomacrodus, having canine teeth, and Scartichthys, without
canines, in both of which the dorsal fin is divided by a notch.

The BlenniidcB of South Africa. 107

SALAEIAS KOSIENSIS, Regan.

Solaris kosiensis, Regan, Ann. Nat. Gov. Museum, vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 254.
(Blue Blenny, Yellow Blenny.)

A strong canine on each side of lower jaw. Depth of body 3 y L to
3| times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to
4 times. Distance from eye to point of snout H times to nearly
twice diameter of eye, which is 4f to 5f times in length of head ;
interorbital width f to 1^ diameter of eye ; greatest depth of head
equals its length and slightly exceeds its greatest breadth ; depth of
caudal peduncle 2i to 3 times in length of head. Snout obtuse, pro-
jecting slightly beyond mouth ; upper lip thick and overhangs lower,
maxillary reaches to vertical of middle or posterior third of orbits ; a
simple tentacle over the centre of each eye the length of which
seems to vary, ranging from ^ to about f length of head ; a bunch of
tentacles at anterior nostril ; a row or fringe of closely set plain
tentacles about i diameter of eye in length across nape, with a
transverse groove between it and the origin of the dorsal fin ; cheeks
very swollen.

Dorsal xi 11-12 ; commences slightly in front of base of pectorals
and reaches nearly to caudal ; spines weak, the 1st bent backwards
at about -J- its height and from ^ to ^ length of head ; succeeding
spines shorter posteriorly and the connecting membrane of last
spine is attached low down on the first soft ray, forming a deep
notch between the spinous and soft-rayed portions of the fin, the
soft-rayed portion being higher than the spinous, the longest rays
being about i to -?- length of head. Pectorals 15 ; broad and pointed,
middle rays longest and about f to 1 in length of head. Ventrals
i 2-3 ; fleshy, -J- to f length of head. Anal n 13-14 ; spines tuber-
culose, sometimes very small ; soft portion of fin lower than soft
dorsal, membranes deeply incised. Caudal rounded or truncate,
middle rays split, about f length of head. Scales of lateral line
enlarged on arch, which is low.

Colour (of preserved specimens). Apparently there are two types
of colour, the one a dark bluish shade, the other yellow or yellowish
brown ; 3 or 4 indistinct bars across the body, head and shoulders
are covered with numerous small dark spots, which are continued
above arched portion of lateral line and below dorsal. The yellow
variety, especially, shows many light-coloured spots on body and
vertical fins.

Six specimens, ranging in length from 126 mm. to 155 mm., from
Mr. Robinson, Natal. Except in regard to colour they closely

108 Annals of the South African Museum.

resemble each other, the chief difference being the disparity in
length of the orbital tentacles.

SALARIAS QUADRICOKNIS, C. and V.

Salarias quadricornis, Cuv. and Val., xi., p. 329, pi. 329 ; ? Jenyns,
Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 87; Gimth., hi., p. 255; Kner, Novara
Fische, p. 197; Klunz, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 489.

Erpichthys quadricornis, Swainson, Fishes, ii., p. 275.

No canine teeth. Depth of body equals length of head and is
4f to 5 times in total length excluding caudal. Distance from eye
to point of snout 1 to If times diameter of eye, which is 3 to 3^ times
in length of head ; interorbital space concave and ^ to i diameter of
eye ; depth of caudal peduncle slightly more than ^ length of head.
A short simple tentacle about -J diameter of eye in length above each
orbit, a similar one on each side of nape, and a cluster of cirri on
anterior nostril ; head blunt, anterior profile nearly vertical ; snout
blunt and projecting above mouth, upper lip overhangs lower, cleft
of mouth lateral, maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior margin
of orbits ; eyes placed high up and far forward.

Dorsal xii 20 ; commences above posterior margin of operculum
and extends to caudal, being joined to lower fourth of upper ray of
caudal by a membrane. Spinous portion not quite so high as the
soft, which is about i the depth of the body, and with a notch
between spines and rays caused by shortening of posterior spines.
Pectorals 14 ; slightly longer than head, broad, lower rays incised.
Ventrals i 2-3 ; f length of head. Anal 23 ; lower anteriorly,
increasing to about height of spinous dorsal, membranes deeply
incised, extremities of rays free. Caudal as long or a little longer
than head, rounded, middle ray longest and divided at end. Lateral
line distinct anteriorly, becoming very indistinct in posterior third
of length. Body naked.

Colour (of preserved specimens), purplish brown, with irregular
transverse bars in pairs on body, tips of anal white.

Three specimens, 42 mm., 97 mm., 115 mm. in length respec-
tively, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal; found in pools on Natal coast.

SALARIAS BAKBATUS, n. sp.

No canine teeth. Depth of body 5^ to 5?- times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head about 51 times. Distance from
eye to point of snout f to ^ diameter of eye, which is about twice
the interorbital width and 3J to 4 times in length of head. Depth

The Blenniidce of SoutJi Africa. 109

of caudal peduncle 2 to 2^- times in length of head. Superciliary
margin slightly swollen with a short fringed tentacle above each
orbit ; interorbital space concave ; snout almost vertical, with a
patch of hairlike filaments or cirri on upper lip and a few smaller
ones on the lower ; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior margin
of orbits, upper lip overhangs lower.

Dorsal xii 21 ; commences in line with posterior margin of oper-
culum, notched, and is joined to base of caudal by a short membrane.
Spines weak and slightly lower than rays ; spinous portion slightly
higher in centre and separated from soft portion by a deep notch
caused by shortening of posterior and especially last spine. Pec-
torals 14 ; slightly longer than head, broad and pointed. Ventrals
i 2 ; f to i length of head. Anal 22 ; slightly less in height than
soft dorsal, membranes incised. Caudal slightly longer than head,
rounded, rays divided at extremities. Lateral line very indistinct.

Colour (of preserved specimens), body with a few indefinite trans-
verse streaks anteriorly and with black spots posteriorly ; spinous
dorsal with black spots arranged in horizontal lines, soft dorsal with
black spots in lines passing backwards and upwards.

Two specimens, 60 mm., 62 mm. in length respectively, from Mr.
Eobinson, Natal ; caught in bathing pool at Bluff, Durban.

SALARIAS DUSSUMIEEI, C. and V.

Salarias dussumieri, Cuv. and Val., xi., p. 310; Jerdon, M.J.L.
and Sc., 1851, p. 144; Giinth., Catal., hi., p. 251; Playfair, Fish.
Zanz., p. 77, pi. ix., f. 6, 7.

? Salarias striato-maculatus, Kner. and Steind., Sitz. Ak. Wiss.
Wien., 1866, liv., p. 368, f. 4.

No canine teeth. Depth of body equals length of head and is
5 to 5-r times in total length excluding caudal. Distance from eye
to point of snout equals diameter of eye, which is twice interorbital
width and 3J to 4^- times in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle
nearly -J length of head. A crest-like flap about -J- diameter of eye
in height on head from iuterorbital space to neck, a many-fringed
tentacle above each orbit and one on anterior nostril ; head blunt,
profile of snout almost vertical; upper lip thick and overhanging
lower, maxillary reaches beyond vertical of posterior margin of
orbits ; eyes prominent, placed high up and far forward.

Dorsal xiii 20-22 ; originates above base of pectorals and reaches
to base of caudal, to which it is joined by a membrane, a notch
between spinous and soft-rayed portions caused by shortening of

110 Annals of the South African Museum.

posterior spines. The spines are weak and flexible, about subequal
to the 5th, from which to the 9th they are slightly longer and about
| length of head, the last 3 spines successively shorten ; soft portion
of fin higher than the spinous, the 1st ray slightly lower than suc-
ceeding ones, which are about t length of head. Pectorals 14 ;
rounded, about length of head, lower rays incised. Ventrals i 3 ;
about 2- length of head, 3rd ray minute. Anal 25-26 ; first 2 rays
very small, remainder about height of longest dorsal spines,
membranes deeply incised. Caudal broad and rounded, inner
rays divided at end and the middle ones longest, about length
of head.

Colour (of preserved specimens), brown, body crossed by numerous
dark lines which here and there become broad and fuse, forming
irregular dark bands across the body ; spinous dorsal with dark
marks forming parallel horizontal lines, a black spot behind top
of first spine, margin of soft dorsal spotted, dark line over the fin
passing upward and backwards from head, dark spots on upper half
of caudal.

Six specimens, ranging in length from 63 mm. to 83 mm., from
Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

CLINUS, Cuv.

Carnivorous fish living generally amongst the rocks and seaweed
on the littoral, and in some cases on rocky banks in deeper water ;
generally viviparous ; mostly of small size, ranging from 3 or
1 inches to 12 or 14 inches in length. Some species are very
abundant in South African waters, and many of them are of
excellent flavour and much esteemed for the table.

Body elongate and usually covered with small scales more or less
deeply embedded in the skin. Teeth either in a single series or as
an outer row with a band or clusters of smaller teeth behind; usually
a curved band on vomer. Eyes generally placed high on the head
and more or less movable in all directions like a chameleon's. With
or without orbital tentacles. Dorsal fin continuous, extending the
whole length of the back and sometimes joined to the caudal ; con-
sisting of many spines and one or more soft rays. Sometimes the
first three spines form a more or less elevated crest, a little removed
from but joined to the succeeding spines. Anal fin with two spines
and many soft rays. Ventrals with one spine hidden in the skin
and two or three soft rays. Colour uniform or in many shades and
patterns.

The BlenniidcB of South Africa. Ill

Key to South African Species.
(a) WITH DORSAL CREST.
(1) frith orbital tentacles.

1. Anterior crest high in males falciform, from | to f
length of head in height ; in females more rounded, ^ to
length of head. Orbital tentacles a more or less flat-
tened stalk divided, short-fringed, or indented, of dark

colour. D. iii xxx-xxxviii 5-9, A. ii 25-30, V. i 2 C. superciliosus.

2. Crest lower and triangular, about the same in both sexes.
Orbital tentacles a rounded tapering stalk with a long
fringe, often branched, and usually of a light colour.

D.. iii xxxiii-xxxvii 5-7, A. ii 26-29, V. i 2 C. si<]>i : rrili<n<iix,

var. arborescens.

3. Crest more or less fan-shaped, with slender flexible
spines. Snout obtuse. D. iii xxx-xxxiii 6-8, A. ii

25-28, V. i 2 C. ornatus.

4. Crest lower than last spine of dorsal, separated from
remainder of fin by a deep notch, the membrane joined
to the base of 4th spine ; a shallow transverse depression
behind orbits ; eyes placed high up and slightly directed
upwards. Scales distinct and comparatively large. D. iii

xxxii 5, A. ii 23, V. i 3 C. brevicristatus.

(2) No orbital tentacles.

5. Crest low ; succeeding spines grouped in twos and threes,
the membranes connecting groups generally transparent.
Caudal peduncle long and slender. D. iii xxiii-xxiv 3-4,

A. ii 15-17, V. i 3 C. mits.

6. Crest not much elevated, semi-detached, the connecting
membrane attached low down on 4th spine. D. iii
xxvii-xxviii 4-5, A. ii 21-22, V. i 3 C. laurentii.

7. Dorsal more or less undulating, crest rounded and
elevated. Snout short and up-turned. Often with a
silvery spot behind pectorals. D. xxviii-xxix 5-6,

A. ii 19-21, V. i 3 C. facorum.

8. Crest not much elevated, 3rd spine a little removed from
2nd and still further from 4th. First soft rays remote

from last. D. xxxi-xxxv 3, A. ii 20-22, V. i 3 . . . . C. pavo.

(b) No DORSAL CREST.
(1) With orbital tentacles.

9. Dorsal low anteriorly, spines erect and increasing in
height posteriorly ; soft part of fin more elevated than
spinous. Snout sub-conical. D. xxxi-xxxiii 5-7, A. ii

21-22, V. i 2-3 C. acuminatus.

112

Annals of tlie South African Museum.

10. A transverse groove behind orbits, head rounded. Eyes
prominent and with a pronounced ridge over them.
D. xxxii-xxxiv 4-6, A. ii 21-24, V. i 2-3

11. Dorsal with membranes of anterior spines notched, espe-
cially between 3rd and 4th spines. A transverse groove
behind orbits. Orbital tentacles very pronounced and
heavily fringed. Aspect fierce. D. xxxii-xxxv 5-6,
A. ii 22-24, V. i 3

C. cottoides.

C. tauru*.

12. Dorsal low in anterior third, subequal posteriorly ; soft
rays nearly twice as high as spines. A slight trans-
verse groove behind orbits. Posterior nostrils prominent.

D. xxxiv 9, A. ii 26, V. i 3 C. latipinnis.

13. Anterior spines of dorsal erect and strong, further apart
individually, especially the 3rd and 4th, the remainder
generally subequal. Soft rays more elevated than spines.
Lips with perpendicular corrugations. D. xxxii-xxxiv

10-14, A. ii 27, V. i 3 C. rolntttiix.

14. Dorsal with 1st spine weak and generally shorter than
2nd ; membranes of soft rays transparent. Upper jaw
very protractile and its lip developed into a membranous
expansion. D. xxxix-xli 2-3, A. ii 24-27, V. i 2 . . C. vemistri*.

15. Dorsal low anteriorly. Barbels on snout and chin.

D. xxxix-xli 4-7, A. ii 27-29, V. i 2-3 C. capcnxi*.

16. Dorsal with only one soft ray. Spines low anteriorly,
gradually increasing to about twice the height of the 1st.
Body slender and about uniform in depth for the greater

part of its length. D. xliv-xlvi 1, A. ii 26-28, V. i 2 . . C. dorsalis.

17. Dorsal joined to caudal by a membrane forming a deep
notch between them : first four spines a little further
apart individually. Body elongate. D. xlviii-xlix 3 -4,

A. ii 33-36, V. i 3

C. anguillaris.

18. Similar to preceding, but head more pointed. Snout
conical. Longitudinal bands on body. D. xli-xliv 2-3,
A. ii 31, V. i 3 C. striatus.

(2) No orbital tcntm-lcs.

19. Dorsal with a notch between spinous and soft-rayed
portions. First 3 spines a little apart from others, 1st
and 2nd close together. Head blunt. D. xxix 9-10,

A. ii 23-24, V. i 3

C. brachycephalits.

20. Dorsal with first 3 spines erect, strong, higher than suc-
ceeding and slightly further apart individually ; anterior
soft rays about 1 times height of adjacent spines. Scales
relatively distinct. D. xxxi-xxxiii 5-6, A. ii 21-24, V. 1 3 . . C. graminis.

The Blemiiidce, of South Africa. 113

21. Dorsal with last soft ray curved and joined to caudal by a
broad membrane. A row of pores on each side of lateral
line. No scales on body. D. xxxix-xl 3, A. ii 27-28,

V. i 3 C. biporosus.

22. Dorsal spines of uniform height, soft rays a little higher.

D. xxx 6, A. ii 21 . C. heterodon.

CLINUS SUPEECILIOSUS, L.
(Klip-fish.)

Clinus superciliosus, Linn. Syst., i., p. 442; Cuv. and Val., xi.,
p. 360, pi. 331; Cast. Mem., p. 51; Giinth., iii., p. 268; Bleeker,
Vische v. d. Kaap, pp. 55, 70 ; Kner, Novara, p. 200.

Blennius capensis, Forst., Descr. An., p. 408.

? Blennius rnbescens, Lichtenst., Travels.

Blennius versicolor, Pappe, Synops., p. 19 ; Bleeker, Vische v. d.
Kaap, pp. 55, 70.

Clinus dubius, Cast. Mem., p. 51.

Clinus panther-inns, Cast. Mem., p. 52.

Clinus marmoratus, Cast. Mem., p. 52.

Teeth, an outer row of strong sharp teeth on each jaw, with
smaller teeth behind ; a curved band on vomer. Depth of body
3 to 4f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to
4^ times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 to If times diameter
of eye, which is from slightly under 1 to 15- times interorbital width
and 4 to 6 times in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 2^ to
3^ times in length of head. Profile of head more or less pointed ;
interorbital space flat or slightly convex, generally with a slight
longitudinal groove or indent down the middle ; eyes situated high
on the head ; a tentacle over upper posterior angle of each orbit
consisting of a fleshy stalk slightly flattened at the end and divided,
with two or three filaments on end and sides, the colour generally a
dark blackish brown or liver colour; jaws about equal, the lower
sometimes slightly longer ; cleft of mouth lateral, maxillary reaches
to vertical of middle or posterior margin of orbits. In deep-water
specimens the lips appear to be thinner than in those of the littoral,
and the mouth more cavernous.

Dorsal in xxx-xxxviii 5-9 ; commences about in line with
posterior margin of preoperculum and extends to within a short
distance of base of caudal. The first 3 spines are separated from
the remainder by a membrane whose length is equal to or slightly
greater than the distance between the bases of the 1st and 3rd
spines ; this membrane is attached somewhat low down on the

8

114 Annals of the South African Museum.

4th spine, from a fourth to a half of its length. The length of these
first 3 spines seems to have a sexual significance in this species. In
the males the 1st spine, which is usually the longest, ranges in length
from -j?- to i the length of the head, the 2nd is generally slightly
shorter, the 3rd about ^ the length of the 2nd, and the 3 spines
with their connecting membranes form when erect a triangular crest
with a nearly vertical or slightly recurved front. In the females
the crest formed by the first 3 spines is lower and more rounded,
its height ranging from 1 to ^ the length of the head. The 2nd spine
is often equal in height to the 1st, the 3rd slightly shorter, and
generally there is a dark oval spot on the membrane connecting the
2nd and 3rd spines which extends on to these spines also. In both
sexes the 4th spine is generally the shortest in the fin, the remainder
increasing in length, gradually at first, but more rapidly posteriorly,
the last spines being from ^ to ^ longer than the 4th. The anterior
soft rays are a little higher than adjacent spines, posteriorly they
successively decrease, giving a rounded margin to the fin. Pec-
torals 15-16 ; broad, middle rays longest, T 7 Q to f length of head,
membranes of lower rays incised. Ventrals i 2 ; the longer ray
f to | length of head. Anal n 25-30 ; rays slightly lower
anteriorly, posteriorly about same height as longest rays of dorsal,
membranes incised. Caudal f to f length of head, either straight-
edged with rounded or slightly rounded corners, membranes scal-
loped. Body deepest in its anterior third ; lateral line arched over
pectorals and more distinct on curve than posteriorly.

Colour : The hues are often very brilliant. Usually the ground
colour is a reddish, yellowish, or greyish brown, a bronze or yel-
lowish green, dark liver colour, &c., profusely marked, spotted, and
shaded, the colouring very pleasingly blended ; head and opercles
with reticulated markings ; body with about 6 irregular transverse
bands of a dark brown extending on to the dorsal fin. Sometimes
head, shoulders, and body are splashed or blotched with irregular
patches of pink or red, green or other tints ; often the lower half of
the body is of much lighter shade than the upper, generally light
green or yellow, profusely sprinkled with small spots or specks of
darker hue, the line of demarcation between the upper and lower
halves of the body being clearly marked longitudinally. In some
localities the colouring is more subdued a uniform reddish brown
or dark shade, with darker spots and markings and transverse bands
of the same colour ; in other instances there are irregular longi-
tudinal bands of crimson, or pale red, green, or yellow on the body,
dotted with brown, black, grey, or white spots, the dark transverse

Tlie BlenniidcB of South Africa. 1 15

bands being much lighter in hue where they cross these streaks.
Some specimens obtained from Eobben Island and from a deep-
water bank off L'Agulhas were of a uniform vivid crimson, orange,
yellow, &c. ; in some the crimson was diversified by a broad irregular
band or row of irregular confluent spots of yellow or white with a
dark brown border, running longitudinally from the eyes about the
level of the lateral line for about f of the body, widest behind the
pectorals and gradually tapering.

The diversity of colouring of this species is very marked.

About 80 specimens examined, ranging in length from 38 mm.
to 272 mm. ; the largest specimens came from Robben Island and
off L'Agulhas Point, others were sent by the late Mr. Scully from
Walwich Bay and by Mr. Brooking, East London, or were procured
in the Cape Peninsula and at Hoetjes Bay. The species is very
common in South African waters, and widely distributed; it is
much esteemed for its delicate flavour. It does not appear to
be confined to the littoral, but has been taken in varying depths
up to 20 fins.

The variations in colour, fins, and shape are very marked, and it
may be found necessary to recognise a number of varieties. We
have not, however, found any very definite and constant divergence
from the normal type except in the case of C. sitperciliosits, var.
arborescens.

C. SUPERCILIOSUS var. ARBORESCENS, n. var.

Teeth, an outer row of strong, slightly recurved teeth, with 2
clusters behind at symphysis on each jaw, the clusters on the upper
jaw being greater than on the lower; a short curved band on vomer.
Depth of body 3i to 4?- times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3i to 4i times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1^ to
If times diameter of eye, which is slightly under 1 to If times inter-
orbital width and 4i to 6 times in length of head ; depth of caudal
peduncle 3 to 3} times in length of head. The orbital tentacles pre-
sent a slightly different appearance from those of C. super ciliosus,
and consist of a rounded tapering stalk over each eye fringed at the
sides and often with two fringed branches from the main stem ; the
colour being usually a light yellowish brown. Maxillary reaches to
vertical of anterior margin or middle of orbits.

Dorsal iii xxxiii-xxxvii 5-7 ; slightly emarginate ; the anterior
crest differs from that of C. superciliosus in form, and appears to
be the same in both sexes. The first 3 spines are erect and
separated from the rest by a membranous space rather greater than

1L6 Annals of the South African Museum.

the distance between the bases of 1st and 3rd spines and about equal
to diameter of eye; the 1st spine, which is usually the longest, from
to -^ the length of the head, the 2nd is of equal height or slightly
shorter, the 3rd much shorter, and the membrane connecting the
crest with the 4th spine is attached low down on the latter. The
4th spine is shortest, generally a little more than diameter of eye in
length, the succeeding spines gradually lengthen posteriorly to about
1 times diameter of eye. Anterior soft rays are longer than adjacent
spines, the remainder successively shorten. Pectorals 14-15 ; broad
and pointed, middle rays longest, f to nearly i length of head, mem-
branes of lower rays incised. Ventrals i 2 ; about 3- length of head.
Anal ii 26-29 ; anterior rays about same length as last spines of
dorsal, posterior rays slightly longer, membranes incised. Caudal
generally slightly rounded, usually about i length of head, membranes
scalloped.

Colour, generally brown of various shades, marbled or mottled
with white, red, &c., numerous white specks on jaws and opercles
and 6 or 7 irregular transverse bands of a dark shade on the body
and extending on to dorsal fin ; pectorals often banded with brown
and yellow, ventrals and caudal tipped with yellow. Sometimes a
longitudinal band of crimson or other bright hue runs along body
from orbits to base of caudal. The colouring is on the whole very
similar to that of G. superciliosus, but the reticulated markings that
so frequently appear on the head of the latter are not apparently
found on this variety.

Twenty-seven specimens examined, ranging in length from
129 mm. to 224 mm., from False Bay and Kommetje ; one specimen
was procured by Pieter Faure (s.) off the Roman Rock, in 13 fms.
It is apparently not so widely distributed as C. superciliosus, from
which it is sometimes not easily distinguished at a casual glance.

CLINUS ORNATUS, n. sp.

Teeth, an outer row of sharp conical teeth on each jaw, with 2
clusters behind on anterior part of upper jaw and a small band or
cluster at symphysis of lower jaw, a chevron-shaped band on vomer.
Depth of body 3f to 4-f times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3| to four times. Distance from eye to point of snout f to 1
diameter of eye, which is If times to twice interorbital width and 3^-
to 4^ times in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 3J to 4 times
in length of head. Profile of head rounded, with a bulge at upper
anterior angle of orbits ; snout blunt ; a tentacle above middle of
each orbit consisting of a rounded tapering stalk heavily fringed on

The Blenniidce of South Africa. 117

end and sides, sometimes also bifurcated at end, fringe often tipped
with yellow ; a fringed tentacle at anterior nostril ; interorbital space
slightly concave or flat with a longitudinal groove ; eyes prominent ;
cleft of mouth oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical of middle or
posterior margin of orbits. Numerous mucous pores on head and
shoulders.

Dorsal in xxx-xxxiii 6-8 ; slightly emarginate, commences
just behind vertical of posterior margin of orbits and barely
reaches to caudal, only a very short free peduncle being left. Spines
slender and flexible, the first 3 removed from the remainder by a
membranous space equal to the distance between the bases of the 1st
and 3rd ; generally, the first 2 are about equal, ^ to i length of
head, sometimes the 2nd is the longest or all 3 are subequal, the
membranes connecting them to each other are deeply emarginate
and they are connected with the base of the 4th by a membrane
which forms a deep curved notch : this anterior crest when erected
is about as wide at its upper extremity as at its base. The 4th spine
is about ^ length of the 1st, the next few gradually lengthen slightly
and the remainder are usually subequal and about f length of 1st,
sometimes the spines of the middle of the fin are slightly longer than
the rest. Anterior soft rays vary from a little more to a little less
the height of the adjacent spine, posterior margin of fin is rounded
owing to shortening of last rays. Pectorals 15 ; broad and pointed,
middle rays longest, f a to ^ length of head. Ventrals i 2 ; inner
ray f to i length of head, outer a little shorter. Anal n 25-28 ;
rays about equal in height anteriorly to last spines of dorsal, slightly
lengthening posteriorly ; membranes incised. Caudal rounded,
f to i length of head, membranes scalloped. Lateral line scales
enlarged anteriorly, descending curve acute.

Colour, usually vivid. A yellowish or greyish brown, with small
dark brown spots ; 6 irregular transverse bands of dark brown
edged with orange and extending on to dorsal fin ; orange markings
and blotches on head, body, dorsal and anal fins ; pectorals trans-
parent, with 5 rows of brown spots touched with orange ; caudal
almost transparent, with 2 transverse bands of orange near the
extremity, and spotted with orange and brown ; ventrals light green
often barred with orange.

Nine specimens, ranging in length from 70 mm. to 161 mm.
from False Bay ; one specimen, 143 mm. in length, was procured
by the ss. Pieter Faure when trawling near the Eoman Eock,
in 13 fms. The species does not seem to be very common on
the littoral.

118 Annals of the South African Museum.

CLINUS BBEVICBISTATUS, n. sp.

Teeth, villiform, in a band on each jaw and a small chevron-
shaped band on vorner. Depth of body 3f times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 4i times. Snout 1J times in
diameter of eye, which is 3i times in length of head ; interorbital
width 21- times in diameter of eye; depth of caudal peduncle 3f
times in length of head. Head short, a shallow transverse depres-
sion behind orbits, snout obtuse ; eyes prominent, placed high up and
slightly directed upwards ; interorbital space flat ; jaws about equal,
maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of orbits ; a well-
developed tentacle above upper posterior angle of each orbit formed
by a broad flat stalk with 9 cirri at the end ; a similar tentacle with
3 or 4 cirri at the end at each anterior nostril ; mucous pores on
head and shoulders.

Dorsal in xxxii 5 ; slightly emarginate, commences above base of
ventrals and extends almost to base of caudal ; the first 3 spines are
separated from the rest of the fin by a deep notch, the membrane
being connected to the base only of the 4th spine, approaching in this
respect the genus Cristiceps, which, however, we define as having
the first dorsal entirely separate. The 1st and 2nd spines are equal
and a little less than ^ length of head, the 3rd and 4th spines are
about the height of the first two, the next few lengthen gradually
to about the middle of the fin, the remainder being about equal in
height except the last, which is longer than the first two spines. [In
the specimen described there is a deep notch between the 18th and
19th spines, but this may be due to an injury during its earlier
stage.] The soft portion of the fin is higher than the spinous, the
first soft ray being 1? times height of adjacent spine. Pectorals 13;
as long as the head. Ventrals i 3 ; - length of head, inner ray
minute. Anal n 23 ; low anteriorly and rising posteriorly to height
of longest ray of soft dorsal ; membranes deeply incised. Caudal
rounded, middle rays longest and about same length as head, mem-
branes incised. Lateral line in a series of enlarged scales on curve.
Scales distinct and comparatively large, a scale from middle measured
1-13 by -9 mm.

Colour, about seven irregular dark chocolate-brown bands across
body extending to extremities of dorsal and anal fins, between these
lines are irregular brick-red bands from the base of the dorsal across
the lateral line but not reaching the abdominal margin ; a longitudinal
row of irregular white patches below lateral line from pectorals to
base of caudal ; an irregular white band from inferior margin of eye
to border of opercle ; a white patch on throat below opercle ; a white

The Blenniidce. of South Africa. 119

patch on base (which is dark brown) of pectorals. Pectoral
and caudal fins semi-transparent and of a light greenish-yellow
with rows of dark spots along the rays ; anal yellowish-green
between the dark body bands ; soft dorsal semi-transparent about f
of its extent ; ventrals pale greenish-yellow with dark spots ; upper
part of head black ; a small white spot on base of caudal.
One specimen (female) 79 mm. in length, from Kalk Bay.

CLINUS MUS, n. sp.
(Mouse Klipfish.)

Teeth, a row of strong conical teeth on each jaw, with a short
inner row on anterior part of jaw ; a curved band on vomer. Depth
of body 3J to 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head
5 to 5^ times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 to 1J times
diameter of eye, which equals the interorbital width and is 4^ to 54-
times in length of head. Head small, upper profile almost straight,
interorbital space convex ; snout short ; cleft of mouth oblique,
upper lip slightly turned up and lower lip slightly projecting, maxil-
lary reaches to vertical of anterior margin of orbits. No orbital
tentacles.

Dorsal in xxiii-xxiv 3-4 ; commences in line with posterior
margin of preoperculum and does not reach caudal, a long slender
peduncle being left whose depth is generally about f the length of
its free portion, which is -J- to length of head. The first 3 spines
are strong and erect and about i length of head, the 2nd spine
being often a little higher than the other two ; they are separated
from the remaining spines by a membranous space about equal to the
distance between the bases of the 1st and 3rd spines, and the trans-
parent membrane joining them to the rest of the fin is attached low
down near the base of the 4th spine, giving the appearance of a
separate crest with its interspinous membranes incised. In the rest
of the fin the membrane between each group of 2 or 3 spines is
transparent, the anterior spine in each group being the longest ; the
first group, which is composed of the 4th and 5th spines, is the
lowest ; the spines of the succeeding groups becoming gradually
higher until those of the last group are a trifle longer than the spines
of the crest. The first soft rays are a little apart from the posterior
ones, which are much shorter, and the connecting membrane is trans-
parent ; the 1st and sometimes the 2nd ray being a little longer than
the adjacent spines. Pectorals 10-11 ; t length of head, the four
middle rays longest and w r ith scalloped membranes, the membranes
of outer rays incised. Ventrals i 3 ; longest ray f to i length of

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

head. Anal n 15-17 ; anterior rays about same height as longest
spines of dorsal, increasing posteriorly to 1^ times the height ; the
last two rays however are only half the height of the adjacent ones
and are close together. Caudal is from f to the same length as head,
posterior margin straight, membranes scalloped. Lateral line nearly
straight, the upward curve behind pectorals being slight.

The colouring of these little fish is very pleasing, being generally
a uniform hue of green of various shades, or crimson, yellowish or
greenish-brown, &c.; frequently with a row of dark spots or blotches
along the base of the dorsal fin, and sometimes with wavy lines of
light yellow along the body from head to caudal peduncle.

Nine specimens examined, ranging in length from 41 mm. to
85 mm., from False Bay (St. James and Kalk Bay) ; found in rock-
pools with weedy bottoms, about low tide mark.

CLINUS LAURENTII, n. sp.

Teeth, a row of small, strong conical teeth on each jaw, with a
band behind on anterior portion of lower jaw and two patches behind
at symphysis of upper jaw ; a small curved row on vomer. Depth
of body equals length of head and is 4 to 4|- times in total length
excluding caudal. Distance from eye to point of snout slightly less
than diameter of eye, which is about twice the interorbital width and
3^ to 3f times in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 3^- to 4
times in length of head. No orbital tentacles, anterior nostril with
a flap ; cleft of mouth slightly oblique, jaws about equal, upper lip
projecting and slightly turned up, maxillary reaches to vertical of
anterior third of orbits.

Dorsal in xxvii-xxviii 4-5 ; emarginate, commences in line with
posterior margin of preoperculum. The first 2 spines are about equal
in height, ?- length of head and closer to each other than to the 3rd,

O ' O O

which is about f their height and is removed from the succeeding
spines by a space equal to the distance between the base of the 1st
and 3rd ; the low crest thus formed is connected by the interspinous
membrane to the base of the 4th spine this connection is slight
but distinct in the two smaller specimens examined, though not so
marked in the largest. The 4th spine is the shortest in the fin,
about ^ as high as the 1st ; the membrane connecting it with the 5th
is rather deeply notched, that connecting the 5th and 6th not so
deeply ; the 5th spine is as high as the 3rd, and the following spines
lengthen gradually to the last, which is about the same height as the
1st. The anterior soft ray is a little higher than the adjacent spine,
the succeeding rays decrease in height and are inserted in a slight

The Blenniidcs of South Africa. 121

bending in of the dorsal profile of the body, the connecting mem-
branes are more or less transparent. Pectorals 12; broad and rather
pointed, the middle rays longest, i length of head, membranes
incised. Ventrals i 3 ; to f length of head, inner ray small,
middle ray longest. Anal n 21-22 ; anterior rays as high as longest
spine of dorsal, rising posteriorly to height of longest dorsal ray ;
membranes deeply incised. Caudal slightly rounded, about -?- length
of head. Scales cycloid, comparatively large ; lateral line distinct.

Colour (of preserved specimens), body brown, with about eight
more or less distinct broad bands across it and continued on to
dorsal and anal fins ; pectorals and anal banded ; a short broad band
or patch runs downward and backward from the inferior margin of
the eye.

Three specimens, 108 mm., 94 mm., 86 mm. in length respec-
tively, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal ; named after Master Lawrence
Eobinson, who caught them at Winkle Spruit.

This species closely approaches the genus Cristiceps in the semi-
detached condition of the dorsal crest.

CLINUS FUCOEUM, n. sp.

Teeth, a single series of closely-set teeth on each jaw ; a short
curved row on vomer. Depth of body 3i to 4 times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 5 times. Distance from eye to
point of snout 1 to 1] times interorbital width, and 1 to If times
diameter of eye, which is 4^ to 5 times in length of head. Profile of
head descending abruptly from origin of dorsal fin to point of snout
with a slight curve above orbits ; no orbital tentacles ; interorbital
space convex. The short snout is a characteristic feature of the
species, the upper lip being turned up and projecting slightly, upper
jaw a little longer than lower, and when the mouth is closed the
cleft is very oblique ; maxillary reaches to about the vertical of the
anterior margin of the orbits.

Dorsal xxviii-xxix 5-6; commences midway between the posterior
margins of the eye and preoperculum, is more or less undulating
and does not reach to caudal. The first 4 or 5 spines are more
elevated than the succeeding ones and present the appearance of a
most characteristic rounded crest, which however is not separated
from the rest of the fin by any indentation. The 1st spine is
usually a little shorter than the 2nd, which is -J to i length of
head, succeeding spines progressively decrease to about the 6th or
7th and are followed by two or three subequal spines whose height
is about f that of the 2nd spine ; generally the next few spines

122 Annals of the South African Museum.

successively lengthen and are followed by others that in turn decrease,
forming a more or less pronounced curve, the succeeding spines again
lengthen, the last few are subequal and about i the height of the 2nd
spine. There is considerable diversity however in the height and
extent of the undulations caused by the successive shortening and
lengthening of the spines. The first 2 soft rays are a little higher
than the adjacent spine, the succeeding rays rapidly shorten, giving
a blunt termination to the fin. Pectorals 12 ; somewhat oval in
shape, centre rays from i to the same length as the head and reach
to about in line with origin of anal ; membranes of inferior rays
incised. Ventrals i 3 ; centre ray about f length of head ; the rays
are connected by membrane for nearly their whole length, their ex-
tremities only being free. Anal n 19-21 ; posterior rays longest
and about J height of 2nd spine of dorsal, membranes incised ; the
last two or three rays, however, rapidly shorten, giving an almost
vertical margin to end of fin. Caudal broad and rounded, about the
length of the head ; membranes scalloped. The body does not vary
much in height for about - its length, after which it rapidly decreases
to the caudal peduncle, which is comparatively long and slender, its
length i to greater than its depth, and ^ to i the length of the
head.

Colour, uniform dark yellow, the tint often most marked on the
pectorals and in the region between lower jaw and ventrals ; or
yellowish or dark brown, bronze green, &c. ; the fins speckled with
dark spots and also the body, on the latter the spots assume the
form of indefinite vertical bands about 6 in number. A peculiar
feature in some of the specimens is the absence of pigment on certain
parts of the fins, e.g., two wedge-shaped spaces on the margin of the
membranes of the 7th and 8th spines of dorsal, and patches at the
posterior extremity of that fin and of the anal, and on the margin
and in the centre of the caudal ; the last named is usually about the
size of the eye and is traversed by the rays ; these patches are trans-
parent when the fish is alive, and are in marked contrast to the rest
of the body. In other specimens the patches were of a pale yellow
colour. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are usually tipped
slightly with orange, which is often very marked on the posterior
margin of the dorsal and anal, where the connecting membrane
to the peduncle is often void of colour and transparent ; there are
also yellowish markings on the superior and inferior margins of
the caudal. A most striking mark is a circular patch of white,
like burnished silver, just behind the pectoral fins about the
level of the lateral line, which can be covered or exposed by a

The Blenni'idce of South Africa. 123

movement of the fin ; in the females this is often ahsent alto-
gether, or is smaller and more irregular in shape than in the
males.

The species appears to frequent the vicinity of seaweed, and
its colouring and general appearance render it almost indistinguish-
able from the fronds of weed among which it lives ; specimens in the
aquarium seemed to be rather sluggish in their habits, and spent
most of their time reclining on the floor of the tank or on the
rockwork, in which position they closely resembled a detached
portion of a frond of seaweed, a resemblance that is probably
protective. In its peculiarities of colouring, its short upturned
lip like a pug-nose, the rounded crest and more or less undulated
dorsal fin whose transparent or yellowish markings give the appear-
ance of decayed or ragged edges, and the broad caudal on its slender
peduncle, the fish has a rather unique appearance.

Eleven specimens examined, ranging from 43 mm. to 206 mm. in
length, from weedy rock-pools at St. James and Kalk Bay.

CLINUS PAVO, n. sp.

Teeth, a row of small sharp teeth in each jaw, with a band of
smaller ones behind them on the upper jaw and 2 small clusters
at the symphysis of the lower ; a small curved band on vomer.
Depth of body 33 to 4f times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 4^- to 4;i times. Distance from eye to point of
snout rather greater than diameter of eye, which is slightly greater
than interorbital width and 3f to 4f times in length of head. No
orbital tentacles, a flap on anterior nostril ; interorbital space flat
with a longitudinal groove. Head long and vertically compressed,
mouth small, lower jaw slightly longer than upper, lips protruding
and with a flap on chin, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior
nostril.

Dorsal xxxi-xxxv 3 ; slightly emarginate, commences in line with
posterior margin of preoperculum but does not reach to caudal, a
slender free peduncle about the diameter of the eye in length being
left, to which the last soft ray is joined by a transparent membrane.
Spines strong and erect, the first 3 higher than the succeeding,
forming a low crest about * the length of the head in height. The
first 2 spines are close together, the 3rd is rather further apart from
them and still further from the 4th, from which it is removed by a
space about equal to the diameter of the eye, the connecting mem-
brane being transparent. The spines following the crest are low
anteriorly, gradually increasing until they slightly exceed the 1st

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

spine in height. The first 2 soft rays are slightly higher than the
adjacent spines ; the 3rd ray is shorter and removed from them by a
space equal to the diameter of the eye, and the membranes connect-
ing it with the 2nd ray and with the caudal peduncle are trans-
parent. Pectorals 12 ; about ^ length of head ; membranes of
middle rays scalloped, outer ones incised. Ventrals i 3 ; longest
ray \ to length of head. Anal n 20-22; rays anteriorly about
equal in height to last spines of dorsal, slightly longer posteriorly ;
membranes incised. Caudal from f to the same length as the head,
slightly rounded, membranes scalloped.

The profile of the body is elevated, especially at the shoulder ;
lateral line not very distinct, curved over pectorals.

Colour, a ground of reddish or purple brown, with a row of
dark ocellated spots at base of dorsal, and irregular wavy bands
of silvery white markings from snout to caudal along the base of
the dorsal and above and below lateral line ; sometimes dark bands
on back passing through the dorsal spines alternated with 6 similar
bands from anal across the lateral line. Pectorals, ventrals, and
caudal barred with brown and white.

Two specimens, 56 mm. and 88 mm. in length respectively, from
weedy rock-pools at St. James and Kalk Bay ; not often to be found.

CLINUS ACUMINATUS, C. and V.

Clinus acuminatus, Cuv. and Val., xi, p. 370; Giinth., iii, p. 269 ;
Kner, Novara, p. 302.

Teeth, a band of sharp-pointed, slightly recurved teeth on each
jaw ; the outer row sometimes enlarged, especially anteriorly, in
mature specimens; a small chevron -shaped band on vomer. Depth
of body 4J to 5^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3i to 4-J times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 to If
times diameter of eye, which is 4 to 6 times in length of head ;
interorbital width f to 1 diameter of eye ; depth of caudal peduncle
3 to 4 times in length of head. A short tentacle above posterior
upper angle of each orbit, consisting of a short fleshy stalk or base
with 4 or 5 cirri at the end ; interorbital space convex. Snout sub-
conical ; jaws about equal, the lower sometimes slightly longer than
upper ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third or middle of
orbits ; mucous pores on head and round posterior margin of orbits ;
dorsal profile slightly elevated at shoulder.

Dorsal xxxi-xxxiii 5-7 ; commences in line with posterior margin
of preoperculum and reaches almost to base of caudal, slightly

The Blenniida of South Africa. 125

emarginate ; spines erect and moderately strong, usually with
extremities free and a short lobe on each ; the first 2 or 3
generally about -*- length of head, the succeeding spines gradually
lengthening until the last is about 1^ times as high as the 1st.
Soft portion of fin higher than spinous, anteriorly the rays are
about : V longer than adjacent spines ; posteriorly they successively
shorten, giving a rounded margin to fin. Pectorals 12, rounded,
middle rays longest, from f to y^ length of head. Ventrals i 2-3 ;
from i to f length of head, 3rd ray when apparent is very short.
Anal ii 21-22 ; the rays anteriorly are about same height as last
spine of dorsal, posteriorly they lengthen slightly ; extremities of
rays free, membranes incised. Caudal rounded, about f length
of head.

Colour, usually light green, or light greenish or yellowish brown
or grey, speckled with minute white spots and with from 4 to 6
irregular dark brown transverse bands on body ; sometimes the
ground colour is of a darker shade, often with irregular clusters
of white specks along base of dorsal fin ; belly of a light shade.

Over 40 specimens examined, ranging from 22 mm. to 102 mm. in
length. A shapely, active, rather shy little fish, abundant on the
littoral of the Cape Peninsula, frequenting rock-pools and ledges
about low tide mark.

CLINUS COTTOIDES, C. and V.

Cliuus cottoides, Guv. and Val., xi, p. 367 ; Gunth., iii, p. 269 ;
Kner, Novara, p. 202.

Teeth, a row of sharp, slightly curved teeth, with 2 clusters or
a band behind the anterior part, on each jaw. Depth of body 4
to 5 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ to 4^
times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 to If times diameter
of eye, which is 1 to If times interorbital width and 3 to 44- times in
length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 4 times in length of
head. A tentacle over each orbit, consisting of a fringe of 5 or 6
cirri on a broad peduncle or base ; interorbital space with a longi-
tudinal depression, with a bold orbital ridge ; a transverse depression
behind orbits. Profile of head rounded, snout blunt ; cleft of mouth
wide, jaws about equal, maxillary reaches to vertical of middle of
orbits ; eyes prominent.

Dorsal xxxii-xxxiv 4-6 ; slightly emarginate, commences in line
with or a little behind posterior margin of preoperculum and reaches
almost to base of caudal ; spines erect and moderately strong, low

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

anteriorly. First spine -J to J length of head, succeeding 5 or 6
lengthen rapidly, the remaining spines more gradually ; the last
spine is generally from 1^ times to twice the length of the 1st.
The anterior soft rays are a little longer than adjacent spines, the
posterior rays successively decrease. Pectorals 13 ; broad, rounded,
and f to f length of head, reaching to in line with origin of anal.
Ventral s i 2-3 ; from J to ^ length of head, 3rd ray when apparent
is very small. Anal n 21-24 ; about equal in height to longest
spines of dorsal ; membranes incised. Caudal slightly rounded,
f to length of head.

Colour, usually yellowish brown, yellowish or brownish green
of various shades, or light green ; mottled with brown or yellow
and often speckled with grey and white ; a row of dark, irregularly-
shaped spots or blotches along the base of the dorsal extending on
to the fin ; a dark, irregularly shaped spot on operculum.

About 60 specimens examined, ranging from 23 mm. to 120 mm.
in length, from False Bay ; common in the weed-grown rock-pools
on the foreshore, and apparently quite at ease in sun-heated tidal
pools 2 or 3 inches deep. It does not seem to attain any much
larger size.

CLINUS TAURUS, n. sp.
(Bull Klip).

Teeth, an outer row of strong close-set pointed teeth on each
jaw, with smaller teeth behind in a lunate band, broader on upper
jaw ; broad chevron -shaped band (about 4 rows) on vomer. Depth
of body 3^- to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3-| to 4^ times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 to H
times diameter of eye, which is 3^ to 4-| times in length of head ;
interorbital width f to 1 diameter of eye ; depth of caudal
peduncle 3% to 4^- times in length of head. A tentacle above each
orbit, consisting of a short broad stalk or peduncle frequently twisted
or bifurcated and heavily fringed at the end, often resembling a
shaggy eyebrow ; interorbital space flattened or slightly concave,
and with a prominent ridge over each orbit ; eyes prominent ; head
broad ; profile blunt, rising abruptly from snout to orbits ; snout
short and broad ; mouth wide and cavernous, maxillary reaches the
vertical of the middle or posterior half of the orbits, jaws equal; many
mucous pores on interorbital space, occiput, and shoulders, and a
row of irregular clusters dowu posterior margin of preoperculum.

Dorsal xxxi-xxxv 5-6 ; commences a little in advance of
posterior margin of preoperculum and extends nearly to the root

The Blenmidce of South Africa. 127

of the caudal ; emarginate, especially anteriorly, the notch between
3rd and 4th spines usually deep. Spines erect and strong,
especially the first 3 ; the 1st and 2nd are about equal in length
and -}- to ^ length of head ; the 4th spine is the shortest, the next
3 or 4 gradually lengthen, the succeeding spines being of uniform
height, slightly longer than the 1st ; the last is the longest in the fin,
but lower than the soft rays ; the anterior rays are 1|- to 1^ times
the length of the 1st spine ; posteriorly the rays shorten, giving
a rounded termination to the fin. Pectorals 12, from f to ^
length of head, broad and pointed, the rays of the lower half longer
than those of the upper, membranes incised. Ventrals i 3 ; from
f to f length of head, 3rd ray minute, sometimes only just apparent.
Anal ii 22-24 ; slightly higher posteriorly, the rays having about ^
their length free and membranes deeply incised.

Colour, often very striking and bizarre, especially in the adult
specimens, very variable as to the shades and arrangement of the
hues. Usually a ground of yellow ochre, reddish brown, dark
brown or bronze green, with 3 or 4 dark transverse bands ; body,
head, and anterior portion of dorsal often splashed or blotched with
large irregular patches of white or red ; fins generally tipped with
orange or red, and often mottled with brown or green. Sometimes
irregular pinkish blotches (which get very vivid when the fish is
frightened or angry), covering head and shoulders and showing on
upper part of body and on dorsal fin between the transverse bars ;
the throat and lower part of cheek and opercles often covered with
irregular yellow and black markings.

The fish, which when mature has rather a fierce aspect, possesses
in a marked degree the power of changing its colour. It is found on
most of the foreshore of the Cape Peninsula where rock, sand and
weed intermingle ; and in its immature or half-grown stage is often
difficult to distinguish from C. cottoides.

About 30 specimens examined, ranging in length from 97 mm.
to 185 mm., from False Bay and Kommetje.

CLINUS LATIPINNIS, C. and V.

Clinus latipinnis, Cuv. and Val., xi, p. 394 ; Giinth., iii, p. 264
(quoted) ; Cast. Mem., p. 53.

Ophthalmolophus latipinnis, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1860,
p. 103.

Teeth, a row of sharp-pointed teeth on each jaw, with a band or
cluster of smaller ones behind on anterior portion of jaws ; a curved

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

band on vomer. Depth of body 4f times in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 5 times. Distance from eye to point of snout
equals diameter of eye, which is 4f times in length of head ;
interorbital width f diameter of eye ; depth of caudal peduncle 3^
times in length of head. Profile of head rounded ; a slight
transverse depression behind orbits, which have their upper margin
swollen, interorbital space concave ; a short thick fleshy tentacle at
upper posterior angle of each orbit, slightly flattened at the end and
branched, and with a broad fringe or row of cirri ; posterior nostrils
very prominent as open tubes, anterior nostrils with a plain tentacle;
snout blunt ; cleft of mouth oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical
of anterior third of orbits ; mucous pores on interorbital space,
round the eyes, and on shoulder and preoperculum.

Dorsal xxxiv 9 ; commences a little behind posterior margin of
preoperculum and reaches almost to caudal ; low anteriorly, the 1st
spine about length of head, the succeeding 8 or 9 lengthening to a
little more than |- length of head and the remainder subequal up to
the last 3 or 4, which are slightly longer. Soft portion of fin more
elevated than spinous, the anterior rays about f- longer than adjacent
spines. Pectorals 13, broad and rounded, more than i length of
head, membranes of lower rays incised. Ventrals i 3, nearly f
length of head, 3rd ray minute. Anal n 26 ; anteriorly the rays
are about equal in length to last spine of dorsal, posteriorly they are
about ]- longer ; membranes incised. Caudal nearly f length of
head, slightly rounded, membranes scalloped. Tubes of lateral line
(66) well marked.

Colour (of preserved specimen), brownish, with minute dark
specks on body and faint indistinct transverse bands ; pectorals
and caudal with brown dots forming transverse bars.

One specimen, 102 mm. in length, caught at St. James (False
Bay).

CLINUS ROBUSTUS, n. sp.

Teeth, an outer row of strong conical teeth on each jaw, with an
inner band broad at the syrnphysis on the upper jaw, and a cluster
on each side of symphysis of lower jaw, the teeth in the posterior row
of each cluster being longer than the others ; a broad curved band on
vomer. Depth of body 3i to 4^ times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3| to 4 times. Distance from eye to point of snout
If to 2 times diameter of eye, which is equal to or a little greater
than interorbital width and 5 to 7 times in length of head. Depth of
caudal peduncle 4 to 5|- times in length of head. Head broad and

The Blenniida of South Africa. 129

profile somewhat rounded at orbits ; a tentacle above each eye,
consisting of a short broad peduncle, broadened and flattened and
heavily fringed with above 12 cirri at the end, sometimes 2 or 3 cirri
at base ; generally a flap at anterior nostril ; mouth broad and
cavernous in adult, with thin lips rather pointed at symphysis of
jaw and with perpendicular corrugations on them ; jaws about
equal, maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior half or posterior
margin of the orbits ; many mucous pores on head and along
posterior margin of preoperculum.

Dorsal xxxii-xxxiv 10-14; slightly emarginate, commences slightly
in advance of posterior margin of preoperculum and extends almost
to base of caudal ; in one specimen examined it was decidedly
undulating, but this may have been the result of early distortions ;
usually there is not much difference in height. Spines strong and
erect, the anterior ones slightly further apart individually, the first 3
are equidistant and removed from the 4th by a space about equal to
the diameter of the eye, the connecting membrane forming a rather
deeper notch between 3rd and 4th. The 2nd spine is usually a
little higher than the 1st, about T 3 ff length of head, succeeding spines
are slightly lower anteriorly, gradually lengthening posteriorly to
slightly higher than the longest anterior spine. Soft portion of fin
more elevated than spinous, longest anterior rays about \ higher
than last spine ; posterior rays shorten slightly. Pectorals 12 ; from
f to -t length of head, acutely oval, membranes incised. Ventrals
i 3 ; rays strong, and joined by membrane for about half their
length ; middle ray longest, about f length of head, 3rd ray short.
Anal ii 27 ; rays about equal in height to last spines of dorsal,
membranes deeply incised. Caudal 4 length of head, rounded,
membranes scalloped. Scales minute, and extending on to base
of pectorals ; lateral line very indistinct or incomplete posteriorly,
scales enlarged.

Colour, dark olive-green or bronze-green, dark brown, &c., light
underneath, head and body mottled and spotted ; 7 or 8 irregular
transverse bars on body extending through dorsal ; white patches and
sometimes irregular bars of white on dorsal or along base of fin,
only slightly extending on to body ; white patches on base of
pectorals; orange specks on fins, and blotches on upper part of body
and head ; head of a yellowish tinge on lower part and with numerous
small white and brown specks ; caudal barred with light and dark
greenish brown and tipped with white or dull crimson.

This species appears to possess in a high degree the power of
changing its colour not only the shade, but apparently even the

9

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

colour itself. The corrugations on the lips, which are very apparent
even in the preserved specimens, are a noticeable peculiarity.

Nine specimens examined, ranging in length from 138 mm. to
280 mm., the largest obtained from Seal Island, False Bay, the
others from that neighbourhood or caught off the rocks in Kalk
Bay.

CLINUS VENUSTBIS, n. sp.

Teeth, an outer row of fine-pointed teeth on each jaw, with a
cluster of smaller teeth behind on each side of symphysis of
upper jaw and a cluster or small band at the symphysis of the
lower ; a narrow chevron-shaped band on vomer. Depth of body
3f to 4J times in total length excluding caudal, length of head
4^ to 4f times. Distance from eye to point of snout i to y
diameter of eye, which is 3 to 3^ times in length of head ; inter-
orbital width ^ to ^ diameter of eye ; depth of caudal peduncle
2f to 3f times in length of head. A well-developed tentacle at
upper posterior angle of each eye, consisting of a fleshy stalk
fringed at end and sides ; a tentacle on anterior nostril ; inter-
orbital space flat ; eyes prominent ; snout short and subconical ;
cleft of mouth oblique ; jaws equal, the upper very protractile and
its lip developed into a membranous expansion, maxillary reaches
to vertical of anterior third of orbits ; mucous pores on head,
opercles, below orbits, &c.

Dorsal xxxix-xli 2-3 ; slightly emarginate, commences in line
with posterior margin of preoperculum and reaches to base of
caudal, to which it is joined by a transparent membrane. The
first 2 spines are close together, the 1st being usually the
shortest in the fin and from ^ to f length of head and f to ^
length of 2nd spine ; sometimes the first two spines are equally
short and the 3rd is longer. The remaining spines are low
anteriorly, gradually rising until the last two are -J to ^ higher
than the longest anterior spine. Anterior soft rays are slightly
longer than adjacent spines, connecting membranes transparent.
Pectorals 13-14 ; broad and pointed, middle ray longest, about T 9 g
length of head. Ventrals i 2 ; inner ray longer and f to f
length of head. Anal n 24-27 ; rays about equal in height to
longest spines of dorsal, slightly higher posteriorly, membranes
deeply incised. Caudal f to f length of head, slightly rounded,
membranes scalloped. In some of the specimens a row of pores
was found on each side of arch of lateral line, but in the majority
this was not apparent.

Colour, olive green, reddish brown, brown, &c., mottled with

The Blcnniidce of South Africa. 131

light and dark spots and patches, or prettily variegated with red,
bright-blue, and white and yellow markings on body and vertical
fins, especially the anal ; sometimes there are bright orange
blotches at base of dorsal, or longitudinal irregular brown bands
crossed by broad confluent patches of the same shade. The tints
are always very pleasingly arranged.

Fifteen specimens, ranging in length from 82 mm. to 110 mm.,
from Fish Hoek (Kalk Bay).

CLINUS CAPENSIS, Giinth.
Clinics capensis, Giinth., iii, p. 269.

Cirrhibarbis capensis, Cuv. and Val., xi, p. 406, pi. 337 ; Bleeker,
Vische v. d. Kaap, p. 55.

Teeth, a single series of sharp-pointed slightly recurved teeth,
with a small cluster behind on each side of symphysis, on
either jaw ; a small chevron- shaped band on vomer. Depth of
body 4|- to 6 times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3-f to 5 times. Distance from eye to point of snout If to
2-|- times diameter of eye, which is 4| to 6 times in length of
head ; interorbital width ^ to f diameter of eye ; depth of caudal
peduncle 3| to 4| times in length of head. A tentacle at posterior
upper angle of each orbit, consisting of a short palmate stalk
with from 4 to 12 cirri at the end, a fringed or branched ten-
tacle at anterior nostril ; interorbital space convex ; cleft of mouth
wide, jaws somewhat pointed and the lower projecting slightly
beyond the upper, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin
or middle of orbits. Snout long, with superior profile slightly
concave, and with a row of 3 plain tentacles or barbels
anteriorly ; 8 barbels on chin generally disposed in a circular
group of 6, but sometimes in 2 rows of 3 each, with 2
barbels a little to the rear and further apart individually ; an
open pore at the base of each rear barbel and apparently 2 in
the groiip ; a row of pores along inferior border of preoperculum
and several pores on head and shoulders.

Dorsal xxxix-xli 4-7 ; commences in line with posterior
margin of preoperculum and extends but is scarcely united to
base of caudal ; low anteriorly, the spines frequently having a
tuft of 3 or 4 short pinkish filaments at their free extremity.
The 1st spine usually about -- length of head, the remainder
gradually lengthening, the last spine being from 1^ to twice the
height of the 1st ; soft rays a little longer than adjacent spine.

132 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pectorals 13 ; oval, -| to -| length of head. Ventrals i 2-3 ; first
two rays about equal, 4- length of head, 3rd ray minute and not
always apparent. Anal n 27-29 ; slightly lower anteriorly, pos-
teriorly about same height as soft rays of dorsal ; membranes
incised. Caudal about ^ length of head, rounded, membranes
scalloped. Lateral line has scales enlarged, but is indistinct
posteriorly.

Colour, marbled brown, green or yellow ; often with a row of
dark blotches below base of dorsal fin and irregular transverse
bands or blotches on body, frequently speckled with white or
other shades, belly of lighter hue, tips of anal, ventrals and
pectorals red. In most specimens a dark spot enclosed in a
white or red irregular border or ring is found behind the head
at the beginning of the lateral line.

Fourteen specimens, ranging from 55 mm. to 138 mm. in
length, from False Bay (St. James and Kalk Bay) ; found in rock-
pools, and caught amongst rock and weed about low tide mark,
not very numerous.

CLINUS DORSALIS, Bleek.

Clinus dorsaiis. Cast. Mem., p. 54; Bleeker, Vische v. d. Kaap,
pp. 54, 72 ; Gtinth., iii, p. 271.

Teeth, an outer row on each jaw, with a small cluster behind
on each side of symphysis of lower and a band behind on upper
jaw ; a chevron-shaped patch on vomer. Depth of body 5 to
Q\ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4f
to 5-^ times. Distance from eye to point of snout 1 to 1|-
times diameter of eye, which is 4 to 5 times in length of
head ; interorbital width -*- to 1 diameter of eye ; depth of caudal
peduncle 2f to 3| times in length of head. A tentacle above
each orbit, consisting of a short fleshy stalk with a fringe of
4 or 5 short cirri ; interorbital space convex ; head narrow and
pointed ; lower jaw slightly longer than upper, maxillary reaches
to vertical of anterior margin or anterior third of orbits ; a row
of pores down posterior margin of preoperculum, and a few on
each side of nape.

Dorsal xliv-xlvi 1 ; slightly emarginate, commences behind the
vertical of posterior margin of preoperculum, and barely joined to
base of caudal by a membrane. Spines low anteriorly, 1st
about i length of head, succeeding spines gradually lengthening,
the last 10 or 12 about equal in height and nearly twice as

The Blcnniidce, of South Africa, 133

long as the 1st ; soft ray short. Pectorals 12 ; from f to f
length of head. Ventrals i 2 ; from | to f length of head.
Anal ii 26-28 ; about equal in height to posterior spines of
dorsal ; membranes incised. Body long and slender, of the same
depth for the greater part of its length.

Colour, generally a uniform green, yellow, or brown, of various
shades, often with streaks or dots of a darker hue. Sometimes
variegated by a white streak from snout through interorbital
space to origin of dorsal, an oval black patch over opercular
opening with dark streaks radiating from the eyes and a row
of black spots on body along base of dorsal.

Fifteen specimens, ranging from 28 mm. to 67 mm. in length,
from False Bay (St. James and Kalk Bay). Found in rock-
pools, and appears to be the smallest in size of the genus.

CLINUS ANGUILLARIS, C. and V.

(Slangetje.)

Clinus anguillaris, Cuv. and Val., xi,p. 390, pi. 334; Cast. Mem.,
p. 53 ; Bleeker, Vische v. d. Kaap, p. 55 ; Gtinth., iii, p. 271.

Teeth, an outer row of strong cardlike teeth on each jaw, with a
narrow band behind on anterior portion of jaw ; a narrow curved
band on vomer. Depth of body 5^ to 7 times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 5i to 6 times. Distance from eye
to point of snout 1^ to li diameter of eye, which is 1 to 1^ times
interorbital width and 5 to 7 times in length of head ; depth of caudal
peduncle 2 to 3J times in length of head. Head slightly depressed
and rounded, snout of moderate extent and blunt ; a tentacle above
each orbit consisting of a short stalk, sometimes bifurcated, pal mated
and fringed ; interorbital space convex ; cleft of mouth slightly
oblique ; jaws about equal, the lower sometimes slightly longer than
upper ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior half of orbits.

Dorsal xlviii-xlix 3-4 ; slightly emarginate, commences in line
with posterior margin of preoperculum, and reaches to caudal, the
connecting membrane forming a curved notch between the fins.
Spines short and flexible, the first 4 a little further apart individually
than the rest. Anterior spines low, the 1st usually about -1- length of
head, succeeding spines gradually lengthening, the last being from
| to J higher than the 1st ; anterior soft rays longer than adjacent
spines, slightly decreasing posteriorly. Pectorals 13-14, from ^ to f
length of head. Ventrals i 3 ; from 1 to length of head and
enclosed in a membrane nearly to their extremity, the middle ray

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

longest, other 2 about equal and slightly shorter. Anal u 33-36 ;
rays about uniform in length, a little higher than last spine of
dorsal, membranes incised, caudal rounded, -?- to ^ length of head,
membranes scalloped. Scales small and deeply imbedded ; lateral
line distinct, rising in a curve above origin of anal. Body elongate.

Colour, generally uniform, of various shades of yellow, brown,
yellowish green, red, dull crimson ; mottled with darker blotches,
spots, and sometimes bars ; often with a row of bright oblong spots
below dorsal.

Twenty specimens examined, ranging from 85 mm. to 284 mm.
in length, from False Bay. The species, which is the most eel-like
of the genus, is fairly plentiful, and is usually found in more or less
secluded holes or rock-pools about low tide mark.

CLINUS STRIATUS, n. sp.

Teeth, an outer row of sharp villiform teeth with anteriorly a broad
band or cluster behind them, on each jaw ; a curved band on vomer.
Depth of body 5| to 7 times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 5 times. Distance from eye to point of snout If to 2 times
interorbital width and 1^ to I. 1 , times diameter of eye, which is
4 to 5 times in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3f
times in length of head. A tentacle over each orbit, consisting of
a short fleshy stalk with a short fringe at the end ; interorbital space
convex ; head pointed, snout conical ; cleft of mouth small, lower
jaw a shade longer than upper, maxillary reaches to the vertical of
the anterior margin of the orbits.

Dorsal xli-xliv 2-3 ; emarginate, commences in line with posterior
margin of preoperculum and joined to caudal, the connecting mem-
brane forming a deep notch between the two fins. The anterior
spines weak and shorter than the rest, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th are
a little further apart individually ; 1st spine about 4- length of head,
the succeeding spines gradually lengthening, the last being about
twice as high as the 1st. Anterior soft rays a little longer than
adjacent spines. Pectorals 13 ; from -f- to f length of head, mem-
branes incised. Ventrals i 3 ; inner ray longest, about -f- length of
head, 3rd ray minute, sometimes apparently absent. Anal u 31 ;
rays subequal and about same height as last spine of dorsal ; mem-
branes slightly incised. Body elongate and somewhat cylindrical ;
lateral line strongly marked on the curve.

Colour, reddish brown ; the body covered with parallel lines of
alternate pinkish brown and white, passing longitudinally from eye

The Blenniidce of South Africa. 135

to caudal on upper half of body and from behind pectorals to
caudal on lower half ; a white band from dorsal through interorbital
space to snout, and a brown band from eyes to snout, extending on
to lower lip ; outer margin of dorsal and anal, and extremity of caudal
white ; inner half of ventrals white, outer portion reddish brown.

Four specimens from Simons Bay (Selbourne Dock), in length
ranging from 122 mm. to 146 mm. The species greatly resembles
C. ancjuillaris, but has fewer dorsal and anal spines and rays, the
snout is somewhat different in shape, and the 3rd ventral ray is
minute.

CLIHUS BRACHYCEPHALUS, C. and V.

Clinus brachycephalus, Cuv. and Val., xi, p. 371 ; Giinth., iii,
p. 264.

Blennioclinus brachycephalus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1860,
p. 103, vide Jordan and Everman, Bui. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 2360.

Teeth, a narrow band of sharp-pointed teeth, those in the outer
row being larger, on both jaws ; a patch on vomer. Depth of body
4i to 5 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4f to
4f times. Distance from eye to point of snout about 1^ times
interorbital width and 1 to 1^- times diameter of eye, which is 3f to
5 times in length of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3^ times in
length of head. No orbital tentacles, anterior nostril with a well-
developed one divided and fringed at the end ; interorbital space con-
vex ; head short and blunt, slightly depressed on top, the anterior
profile well rounded from snout to nape ; mouth small with a lateral
cleft, maxillary reaches to the vertical of anterior margin of orbits.
Pores on head and shoulders, a row down posterior margin of
preoperculum, and a row along each side of arched portion of lateral
line from the head to where the curve descends to the median line.

Dorsal xxix 9-10 ; commences in line with posterior margin of
preoperculum and reaches nearly to caudal. The first 3 spines are
a little removed from the 4th, to which they are joined by a trans-
parent membrane, the space between the 3rd and 4th being about
equal to the distance between the bases of the 1st and 3rd ; the first
2 are close together and f to f the length of the head ; succeeding
spines are a little lower and about equal in height as far as the 26th,
the last 3 successively decreasing until only about length of head
or ^ to i- the height of adjacent soft ray; a deep notch is thus formed
between spinous and soft-rayed portions of the fin. The soft rays
are higher than the spines and decrease in length posteriorly.
Pectorals 13 ; nearly as long as head, broad and rounded, membranes

136 Annals of the South African Museum.

of lower rays incised. Ventrals I 3 ; the middle ray longest, ^ to T 7 ^
length of head, 3rd ray minute. Anal n 23-24; rays about the
height of longest spine of dorsal and lengthen slightly posteriorly,
membranes incised. Caudal f to length of head, rounded, mem-
branes scalloped.

Colour, mottled orange, red, olive green, brown, &c. Sometimes
with a broad band of white from preoperculum along the side to
posterior third of body with white spots above and below and at
intervals on dorsal. Pectorals, ventrals and anal strikingly marked
with brilliant patches and spots of red and with white patches on
margin of anal ; an ocellated spot above the axil about the size of
the eye, green in the centre and red in the periphery.

Two specimens, 51 mm. and 92 mm. in length respectively, from
False Bay (St. James and Simons Bay) ; found in rock-pools.

CLINUS GRAMINIS, n. sp.
(Grass Klipfish.)

Teeth, a row of small pointed teeth on each jaw with a band,
broad at the symphysis, of smaller teeth behind them ; a curved
cluster on vomer. Depth of body 3| to 4^ times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 4 to 5 times. Distance from eye
to point of snout 1 to 1^ times diameter of eye, which is about
1 to 1^ times interorbital width and 3f to 5 times in length
of head ; depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3| times in length of head.
No orbital tentacles ; interorbital space convex ; head and snout
pointed ; mouth small, jaws equal, maxillary reaches to vertical
of anterior third of orbits.

Dorsal xxxi-xxxiii 5-6; slightly emarginate, commences in line
with posterior margin of preoperculum and extends almost to base of
caudal. First 3 spines erect, strong, and higher than the succeeding ;
1st and 2nd subequal and $ to f length of head ; 3rd spine a little
further removed from 2nd and 4th, respectively, and the connecting
membranes often transparent. The 3rd and 4th spines are lowest,
being from to f length of 1st ; the remainder gradually lengthen to
the height of the 1st. First 2 soft rays H to 1| times length of
adjacent spines, the remainder shorten slightly, the last being joined
to caudal peduncle by a transparent membrane. Pectorals 12 ;
from f to -*- length of head, inferior membranes incised, remainder
scalloped. Ventrals i 3 ; inner ray longest, ^ to f length of head.
Anal ii 21-24 ; rays about equal in height to longest spine of
dorsal, slightly higher posteriorly ; membranes incised. Caudal

The Blenniidce of South Africa. 137

about | length of head, broad and rounded, membranes scalloped.
The body is elevated on the dorsal and abdominal profiles; scales
relatively distinct, rather oblong in shape and readily discernible to
the naked eye.

Colour, bronze or light green, red, reddish or greenish brown, &c.,
with dark blotches at the base of the dorsal fin ; sometimes with
dark longitudinal bands on the body, or dark blotches longitudinally
displayed, with white specks here and there or a row of white spots.

Eleven specimens, ranging in length from 46 mm. to 132 mm.,
from False Bay (St. James and Kalk Bay) ; found in weedy rock-
pools, &c.

CLINUS BIPOEOSUS, n. sp.

Teeth, a row of strong sharp teeth on each jaw, with a row or
cluster of smaller teeth behind them on anterior portion of jaw ; a
curved band on vomer. Depth of body 6 to 6i times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 5^- to 6 times. Distance from eye
to point of snout equals diameter of eye, which is If to 2 -times
interorbital width and 3i to 4 times in length of head ; depth of
caudal peduncle 3 to 3^ times in length of head. No orbital
tentacles, but anterior nostril has a plain tentacle or flap ; profile of
head rounded from nape to snout, a longitudinal ridge from inter-
orbital space to upper lip ; lips thick, cleft of mouth slightly oblique,
maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior nostril or anterior third
of orbits ; eyes prominent. Mucous pores on head, nape, and pre-
orbital, a row round the eyes and along posterior and lower margins
of preoperculum, and a row on each side of the lateral line ending in
a single pore between last ray of dorsal and anal.

Dorsal xxxix-xl 3 ; commences in line with posterior margin of
preoperculum and reaches to base of caiidal. Anterior spines lower
and not so strong as remainder ; 1st spine about ^ length of head,
succeeding spines gradually increase in length, the last being about
^ length of head. First 2 soft rays a little higher than adjacent
spines, the 3rd shorter and joined to base of caudal by a membrane
whose length is about equal to the distance between the bases of
the 1st and 3rd rays. Pectorals 11-12; | to length of head.
Ventrals i 3 ; about | length of head, 3rd ray minute. Anal n
27-28 ; rays subequal and nearly same height as longest spines of
dorsal, membranes incised. Caudal -? length of head, rounded,
middle rays longest. Body without scales and in shape very similar
to C. anguillaris.

Colour, uniform deep crimson, yellowish brown, &c.

138 Annals of the South African Museum.

Three specimens, one of 104 mm. in length procured by the ss.
Pietcr Faure when trawling in False Bay, Seal Island, SE. by
E. \ E. 2^ miles, in 14 fms. ; the others, 85 mm. and 117 mm. in
length respectively, caught amongst rocks at about low water mark
at St. James (False Bay).

CLINUS HETEKODON, C. and V.
Clinus heterodon, Cuv. and Val., xi, p. 394.

Teeth, in a single series except in the centre, where there are two
clusters behind on each jaw ; a chevron-shaped line on vomer.
Depth of body at pectorals 4^ times in the total length. Head short
and profile convex. No orbital tentacles.

Dorsal xxx 6 ; reaches to the base of the caudal ; is of uniform
height except the soft rays, which are a little higher. Anal n 21.

Colour, brown, except the belly, which is reddish, and the
extremities of the anal rays, which are whitish.

Length 3^ inches.

CEISTICEPS.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small or rudimentary
scales. Snout short, cleft of mouth of moderate width. Head
generally with tentacles ; line teeth on jaws and vomer. Two dorsal
fins entirely separate from each other ; the first of three spines, the
second of many spines and soft rays. Ventrals jugular, composed
of one hidden spine and two or three soft rays. Gill-opening wide.
Viviparous.

CRISTICEPS AEGENTATUS, Eisso.

Blennius argentatns, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 140.
,, audifredi, Eisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 139.
Clinus argent at us, Eisso, Eur. Merid., iii, p. 238.
,, testudinarius, Eisso, Eur. Me" rid., iii, p. 239.
,, virescens, Eisso, Eur. M6rid., iii, p. 239.
,, audifredi, Eisso, Eur. Merid., iii, p. 240.
,, mutabilis, Cocco, Giorn. Sc. Lett, e Arti Sicil., Avril, 1833,
xlii, p. 9, tab. 42, fig. 2.

C Units argentatus, Cuv. and Val., xi., p. 354 ; Guichen., Explor.
Alger. Poiss., p. 74.

D. iii xxix-xxx 3-4 ; A. ii 19-23 ; V. i 2 ; B. 6.

The height of the body is contained 6 times in the total length,
the length of the head 5^ times. The snout is of moderate extent,

TJie Blenniidce, of South Africa. 139

sub-conical, with the lower jaw somewhat prominent. Palatine teeth
none. The width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter
of the eye ; a small simple tentacle above the orbit. Scales exceed-
ingly small. A short detached dorsal fin on the nape of the neck ;
the spines by which it is formed are slender and rather longer than
those of the remaining fin ; the latter not emarginate, united
with the base of the caudal. Brown or yellowish, more or less
spotted and marbled with darker ; generally a series of whitish or
yellowish spots along the sides.

Mediterranean. Cape of Good Hope. Coast of Australia.

European and African specimens, with 19 or 20 soft rays in the
anal fin.

Australian specimens, with 23 soft rays in the anal fin.

The above description and synonymy are taken from Gunther's
Catalogue of Pishes, vol. iii, p. 273.

CRISTICEPS MENTALIS, n. sp.

Teeth, a row of strong conical detached teeth on each jaw, with a
band of smaller ones behind on anterior portion of upper jaw and a
small patch at symphysis of lower jaw; a curved band on vomer.
Depth of body about equals length of head, which is 4 T 3 ^ times in
total length excluding caudal. Distance from eye to point of snout
If times diameter of eye, which is 1^- times interorbital width and
5f times in length of head. No orbital tentacles ; a fairly well-
developed tentacle on anterior nostril ; profile of head low and
descending gradually to point of snout, which is somewhat acute ;
lower jaw slightly longer than upper, and the lower lip projects as a
triangular flap on chin about f the diameter of the eye in length ;
cleft of mouth slightly oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical of
anterior third of orbits ; eyes prominent.

Dorsal in xxxiii 7 ; emarginate anterior fin formed of three
spines situated on the nape, commencing in line with posterior
margin of preoperculum ; the distance between the base of the 3rd
of these spines and the 1st spine of the 2nd dorsal is about equal to
the distance between the bases of the 1st and 3rd spine of anterior
fin, and the membrane of the 3rd spine does not quite reach the base
of the 1st spine of the 2nd dorsal. In the crest so formed the first
2 spines are subequal, about \- the length of the head, and with a
short filament ; the 3rd is shorter, being about ^ length of head.
The 2nd dorsal commences in line with base of pectorals and does
not reach to caudal ; spines weak, anteriorly about i height of

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

longest spines of crest, lengthening to about height of crest
posteriorly. Anterior soft rays about A higher than adjacent spine,
the succeeding rays shorten and are joined to caudal peduncle by a
membrane. Pectorals 12 ; broad and oval, middle rays longest and
nearly f length of head, reaching to about vertical of the vent ;
membranes emarginate. Ventrals i 3 ; strong, the rays enclosed in
membrane for greater part of their length ; middle ray longest and
about ^ length of head. Anal n 29 ; rays lower anteriorly, increas-
ing posteriorly to about height of last spine of 2nd dorsal ; mem-
branes incised. Caudal about f length of head, slightly rounded,
and with scalloped membranes ; the length of free portion of caudal
peduncle is slightly greater than its depth, which is 4 times in
length of head. Scales on body and on base of pectorals, head
naked. Body somewhat elongate, and tapering posteriorly.

Colour, a light brown mottled with lighter and darker shades ;
sometimes with light transverse bars on sides.

A single specimen, 193 mm. in length, from Mr. Brooking, East
London, who kindly supplies a note of the colour and says the fish
is very common and haunts rocky places on the beach.

The specific name refers to the projecting flap on the chin.

TEIPTEEYGIUM.

Body elongate, covered with scales ; snout of moderate extent.
Jaws with a band of villiform teeth, and teeth on the palate. Three
dorsal fins ; the first two composed of spines, the third of soft rays.
The second dorsal has the greater number of spines and is higher
than the first, but is of less extent and not so high as the third.
Ventrals jugular, composed of a hidden spine and two soft rays.
Gill-opening wide.

TEIPTERYGIUM CAPENSE, n. sp.

Teeth, the inner and outer rows on the lower jaw and the outer
row on the upper are sometimes larger than the others ; a curved
band on vomer and palatines. Depth of body 3^ to 4 times in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 3^ times. Distance
from eye to point of snout about equals diameter of eye, which is
3 to 3^ times in length of head; interorbital width f to f diameter of
eye ; depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3i times in length of head. A
bunch of short filaments above each orbit, and a bunch on anterior
nostril ; interorbital space concave, with a ridge over each orbit ; a
transverse depression behind the orbits ; head broad, profile rounded ;

The Blenniidce of South Africa. 141

lower jaw slightly longer than upper, maxillary reaches to vertical of
anterior third or middle of orbits.

Dorsal iv, xiv 10-11 ; the 1st dorsal commences in line with
posterior margin of preoperculum, is separated from the 2nd by a
space equal to about 4- diameter of eye, and about the same distance
separates the 2nd dorsal from the 3rd ; the anterior rays of 3rd dorsal
are from | to f length of head, the fin is not joined to the caudal, and
the rays are split. Pectorals 16 ; pointed, middle rays longest and
about the length of the head. Ventrals i 2 ; about f length of head.
Anal ii 22; rays increasing posteriorly to about height of 3rd dorsal.
Caudal to i length of head, truncate, rays split. Scales are com-
paratively large and with pectinate edges ; they cover also the opercles,
head, upper part of orbit of eyes, snout, and bases of caudal and
pectoral fins. Lateral line interrupted about in line with base of
2nd ray of 3rd dorsal.

Colour, grey with about six irregular brown bands across the body
alternating with bands that only extend from the abdominal margin
to median line.

Four specimens, obtained by the ss. Pieter Faure with the shrimp
trawl in False Bay : 2 coloured grey, 53 mm. and 54 mm. in length
respectively, caught about 2^ miles from Seal Island, in 14 fms. ;
2 of a dark red colour, 47 mm. and 56 mm. long, caught in Fish
Hoek Bay, in 5 fms.

The following is Mr. Eegan's description of a new species of
Blennius, alluded to in note on p. 104.

BLENNIUS PUNCTIFER.

Depth of body 3f to 4 in the length, length of head 4i to 4f.
Snout obtuse, with nearly vertical anterior profile. Diameter of
eye 3i to 4 in the length of head and twice the width of the flab
interorbital region. Maxillary extending to below posterior edge of
eye ; very small canines in the lower jaw. On each side a short
fringed nasal tentacle and a similar supra-orbital tentacle ; occiput
with a median series of simple filaments.

Dorsal xii 14-15, with a very slight notch, commencing above
the edge of praeoperculum, ending just before the caudal ; spinous
part as high as or a little lower than the moderately elevated soft-
rayed part. Anal 17-19. Caudal sub-truncate. Pectoral extending
to above origin of anal. Back with 6 more or less distinct dark
cross-bars ; numerous very small dark spots on head, body, dorsal

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

fin and base of pectoral fin ; series of larger spots on caudal, anal,
and distal part of pectoral ; a more or less distinct dark spot or
ocellus behind the first dorsal spine.

Kosi Bay, Zululand, and Port Natal (Ayres).

Three specimens, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length.

Blennius cmstatus, Linn., is described by Cuvier and Valenciennes
from the Island of Ascension as having the supra-orbital tentacles
very small and simple, the anal fin with 16 rays, and the markings
somewhat different.

(143)

INDEX

PAGE

acuminatus (Clinus) 124

anguillaris (Clinus) 133

argentatus (Cristiceps) 138

Aspidontus 104

barbatus (Salarias) 108

bifilum (Blennius) 99

biporosus (Clinus) 137

Blenn'nt* 99

brachycephalus (Clinus) 135

brevicristatus (Clinus) 118

C

capense (Tripterygium) 140

capensis (Clinus) 131

capito (Blennius) 102

castaneus (Blennius) 102

Clinus 110

eornutus (Blennius) 100

cottoides (Clinus) 125

crinitus (Blennius) 101

Cristiceps 138

D

dorsalis (Clinus) 132

dussumieri (Salarias) 109

filamentosus (? Petroscirtes) 105

fucorum (Clinus) 121

G

graminis (Clinus) 136

H

heterodon (Clinus) 138

K

koziensis (Salarias) 107

latipennis (Clinus) 127

laurentii (Clinus) 120

M

mentalis (Cristiceps) 139

mus (Clinus) 119

ocellatus (Blennius) 103

ornatus (Clinus) 116

pavo (Clinus) 123

Petroscirtes 105

punctifer (Blennius) 141

Q

quadricornis (Salarias) 108

R

robustus (Clinus) 128

S

Salarias 106

scullyi (Blennius) 103

striatus (Clinus) 134

superciliosus (Clinus) 113

superciliosus var. arborescens

(Clinus) 115

T

taurus (Clinus) 126

Tripterygium 140

venustris (Clinus) 130

W

woodi (Aspidontus)...

105

145 )

3. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. By J. F. D.
GILCHRIST, M.A., D.Sc., PH.D., and W. WARDLAW
THOMPSON.

FAMILY PERCIIXE.*

AULACOCEPHALUS TEMMINCKII, Bleek.

(Yellow-stripe Eock Cod.)

DEPTH of body 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 2^ to 2f times ; snout 2.^ times diameter of eye, which is
6J- times in length of head, and equal to or slightly less than
interorbital space ; lower jaw projecting ; maxillary extending to
below centre of eye, the width of its distal extremity about diameter
of eye. Gill-rakers longer than gill-fringes, 17 or 18 on lower part
of anterior arch.

Dorsal ix 12; originating above base of pectoral; third or fourth
spines longest, about 3f in head, shorter than longest soft ray ; a
deep notch between spinous and soft portions of tin. Pectorals
2 1 in head ; ventrals shorter. Anal iii 9 ; second and third spines
about equal, hardly half as long as longest soft ray. Caudal truncate.
Lateral line strongly curved, approaching the spinous dorsal, forming
an angle below the last dorsal ray.

Colour, a broad yellow stripe runs along near the dorsal region of
the body, from the upper base of the caudal through the eye to the
end of the snout.

Two specimens, one 230 mm. in length presented by Mr. Quekett,
of the Durban Museum, the other 250 mm. in length from Mr.
Robinson, Natal. They agree with the description of A. temminckii,
but the rays of the soft dorsal are relatively a little longer, and there
is no bifurcation of the yellow stripe.

A. temminckii occurs in the Sea of Japan, Siam, and Mauritius.

GRAMMISTES SEXLINEATUS, Thuub.

Teeth, in villiform bands on jaws, a small chevron- shaped band on
vomer, a band on palatines. Depth of body 2 to 2i times in total

* The older classification of families is retained for present purposes.

10

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

length excluding caudal, length of head 2-/^ to 3 times. Snout
slightly longer than diameter of eye, which is equal to or a little less
than interorbital width and 4f to 5 times in length of head. Profile
of head rounded, with a slight depression above orbits; cleft of rnouth
oblique, lower jaw slightly projects beyond upper and has a small
flap or tubercle on chin, maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior
margin of eye or slightly beyond it ; vertical limb of preoperculum
with three or four spinate deuticulations on its border ; three
opercular spines, the middle one most developed and nearer to
upper.

Dorsal vii, i 13-14 ; spines weak, 3rd or 2nd and 3rd longest and
a little more than ^ length of head ; soft portion of fin higher than
spinous and with a rounded margin, longest rays about -| length of
head. Pectorals same length as ventrals and rather more than
^ length of head. Anal 9 ; similar to soft dorsal, about the same
height as soft dorsal or a little higher, but not so long. Caudal
broad and rounded, about r 7 ^ length of head and with a broad
peduncle about ^ length of head in breadth. Scales embedded in
epidermis ; numerous pores the openings of mucous glands all over
the body, a specially prominent row (about 63 in all) in the region of
the lateral line can be made out in the largest specimen.

Colour (of preserved specimens), blackish brown or chocolate
brown, with seven or eight narrow longitudinal white lines ex-
tending over head and body. A quantity of mucus is given out
over the body by this fish on capture, and some of it remains in
white patches on the largest specimens.

Two specimens, from which the above description has been taken :
one, 103 mm. in length, from Durban Museum, caught at Jetty Point
by Mr. Turner, of the Harbour Board; the other, 107 mm. in length,
from Mr. Robinson, Natal, caught at Durban. Another specimen,
70 mm. in length, also forwarded by Mr. Eobinson, was caught in a
small rock-pool at Isipingo, near Durban ; the colour when the fish
was alive is reported to have been black, and the longitudinal stripes
yellow and five in number.

G. sexlineatus is found in the Indian and Western Tropical Pacific
Oceans, and is recorded for the first time for Natal.

LUTIANUS SALMONOIDES, n. Sp.

(Rock Salmon.)

Canines of upper jaw small, those of lower jaw equal the succeeding
teeth and less than the most posterior. Depth of body 2 T 7 ^ in total

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 147

length excluding caudal, equals length of head ; snout a little over
twice diameter of eye, which is 5i tiroes in head ; dorsal profile from
end of snout to nape of neck almost straight ; lower jaw not pro-
jecting beyond upper ; maxillary reaches to below anterior half of
eye ; the suprascapula and posterior edge of preoperculum finely
serrated, the latter slightly emarginate.

Dorsal x 13 ; fourth spine longest, a little over 2Hn head; longest
soft ray equals the free portion of the caudal region. Pectorals less
than length of head equal distance between posterior edge of oper-
culum and first margin of eye, and reach scarcely to the anus.
Ventrals do not reach vent by about a fourth of the length. Anal
iii 8 ; third spine longer than the second in the larger specimen,
about equal to it in the smaller. Caudal emarginate. Sc. 44ff.
Lat. line 46.

Colour. This a handsome fish, purplish brown above with reddish
belly.

Two specimens, the larger, 317 mm. in length, from the harbour,
Natal, where it is found near old wrecks and rocks ; the smaller,
162 mm., from East London.

It is most nearly allied to L. argentimaculatus.

PRIACANTHUS CRUENTATUS, Lacep.

Depth of body 24- to 23- times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3 to 3i- times; snout about ^ diameter of eye, which
is 2 to 2|- times in length of head ; interorbital width 3 to 3i in
length of head ; spine at angle of preoperculum rather strong, ser-
rated, length i diameter of eye ; 18 gill-rakers on lower portion of
anterior arch.

Dorsal x 12; originating above origin of pectorals, spines sub-
equal from the 4th or 5th ; the last spine If to 2 times as long as
2nd, and 5- to ^ length of head ; longest soft rays about ^ longer than
longest spines ; spines strongly spinulose, soft rays feebly so. Pec-
torals i- to J length of head ; ventrals 4- to f length of head, spine
strongly spinulose. Anal iii 14 ; 3rd spine longest, nearly as long
as last dorsal spine ; spines spinulose, soft rays feebly so. Caudal
truncate. Scales ciliated. Sc. 100 - S 4 -. Lat. 1. 78.

Colour (of preserved specimen), body whitish, dorsal, caudal, and
anal fins edged with black.

This fish appears to be the immature form of the above-named
species.

Two specimens, 141 mm. and 135 mm. in length respectively,
from Durban Museum.

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

PRIACANTHUS ARENATUS, C. and V.

Depth of body 2|- times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3 times. Snout nearly f diameter of eye, which is 2^ times
in length of head (without mandible) ; interorbital width f diameter
of eye and 4 times in length of head. Spine at angle of preopercle
short, and indistinct in larger specimen ; preorbital serrated along
upper and lower borders ; an inconspicuous spine on opercle ;
maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of orbits ; 23 gill-rakers
on lower part of anterior arch.

Dorsal x 14 ; spines of moderate strength increasing in height to
the last, which is 1^ to If length of 2nd spine and length of head ;
the first four spines more or less spinulose. Longest soft rays not
much higher than longest spines ; rays spinuloss. Pectorals f length
of head. Ventrals as long as head, the spine j} to f length of longest
ray and spinulose. Anal hi 15 ; 3rd spine longest, f to i height of
longest spine of dorsal ; spines and soft rays spinulose, soft portion
of fin about the same height as soft dorsal. Caudal slightly emargi-
nate. Scales spinulose 90-96 ; lat. 1. 78, lat. tr. g^.

Colour (of preserved specimens), pale brownish yellow, slightly
reddish above.

Two specimens, one 260 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal,
who reports it is a fish caught by the fishing boats off Port Shep-
stone ; the other, 121 mm. in length, was procured from Indian
fishermen in Durban Harbour.

AMBASSIS NATALENSIS, n. sp.

Teeth, villiform on jaws, vomer, palatines, and on tongue. Depth
of body 2i to 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3 to 3* times. Snout equals interorbital width and is f to 4-
diameter of eye, which is 2j to 3 times in length of head. Cleft of
mouth very oblique, lower jaw longer than upper, maxillary reaches
to vertical of anterior margin of orbits ; a spine at posterior upper
angle of orbits ; vertical and horizontal edges and outer margin of
the preoperculum finely serrated ; the inner margin has two strong
spines at its angle directed backwards ; preorbital serrated, inter-
opercle not serrated.

Dorsal, vii i 10-11 ; spines moderately strong, 2nd spine longest,
f to f length of head and about f the height of the body below it.
Pectorals to -i length of head. Ventrals f to ^ length of head.
Anal in 10-11 ; 3rd spine longest, about ^ to f length of head and
f to | height of longest spine of dorsal. Caudal forked. Scales, 2

Descriptions of Fishes from tlic Coast of Natal. 149

rows below sub-orbital ring. Lat. 1. 27-30, continuous and curves to
about middle of soft dorsal, where it becomes straight ; lat. tr. g 4 g .

Colour (of preserved specimens), outline of scales on dorsal part
of body marked by thin brown lines, front edge of dorsal and tip of
anterior rays dark, a black streak along posterior two-thirds of side
of body in the middle.

Numerous specimens, ranging in length from 37 mm. to 56 mm.,
procured by ss. Picter Faure from Inner Harbour, Durban, where
they are said to be very abundant ; they also occur in the salt
and fresh waters of some of the tidal rivers of Natal.

This species closely resembles A. commersonii, which, however,
has the lower margin of the inner ridge of the preoperculum finely
serrated, not with 2 prominent backward directed spines.

APOGON NATALENSIS, n. sp.

Depth of body 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 2|- times. Snout equals diameter of eye, which is slightly over
1 !- times in interorbital width and about 4 times in length of head.
Snout obtuse ; lower jaw slightly longer than upper ; cleft of mouth
wide and slightly oblique ; maxillary reaches to posterior fourth of
orbits ; preoperculum serrated on both edges, angle rounded ;
shoulder serrated ; a flat soft spine on operculum.

Dorsal vii, i 9 ; spines moderately strong ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th
spines of anterior dorsal subequal, about f length of head, succeeding
ones decreasing in height. Spine of 2nd dorsal strong, nearly -f-
length of anterior rays, which are 1? length of longest spine of 1st
dorsal and about twice the length of last soft ray, the posterior
margin of the soft fin being rounded. Pectorals f length of head,
reach to vertical of origin of anal. Ventrals rather shorter than
pectorals, reach to vent, spine strong f length of longest rays.
Anal ii 8 ; 2nd spine moderately strong, about same length as spine
of soft dorsal ; fin similar in height and length to soft dorsal. Caudal
emarginate, membranes partly covered with scales. Scales ciliated,
lat. 1. 37 + 4 on caudal, lat. tr. T ^ r .

Colour (of preserved specimen), browm, with about 17 dark
longitudinal stripes, spinous dorsal black, a black spot at base of
pectorals.

One specimen, 151 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

KUHLIA TJENIURA, C. and V.

Depth of body nearly 3 times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head about 3i times. Snout f diameter of eye, which is

150 Annals of the South African Museum.

about 3 times in length of head and equals the interorbital width ;
lower jaw projecting ; maxillary extending to below anterior third
of orbits, the width of its distal extremity 2i in diameter of eye ;
cheeks and opercles with large ctenoid scales ; angle and lower
border of preopercle finely denticulated ; lower opercular spine
strong ; 26 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch.

Dorsal x 10 ; originating behind base of pectoral ; 5th and 6th
spines longest, ^ length of head, longer than anterior soft rays,
Pectorals length of head ; ventrals shorter, do not reach to anus.
Anal iii 11; about as long as its distance from caudal; 3rd spine
a little longer than 2nd, as 'long as 10th dorsal spine. Caudal
deeply forked, middle rays about length of outer. Lat. 1. 50,
lat. tr. T 6 5 .

Colour, silvery, bluish grey on back, edge of soft dorsal blackish ;
caudal with three black bands, one along the middle rays and two
pairs converging posteriorly, and black patches at extremity.

One specimen, 93 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal,
found in pool on Natal coast : it differs slightly from Boulenger's
description of K. tceniura, the ventrals appear to be shorter, and
the 10th dorsal spine is not longer than the 9fch.

THERAPON JARBUA, Forsk.
(Tiger-fish.)

Depth of body about 3 times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3f times. Snout about equals the interorbital width,
and is from I* to li ; times in diameter of eye, which is 3^ to 4 times
in length of head; maxillary reaches to below anterior third of
orbits ; preorbital serrated on hinder two-thirds of its lower edge ;
preoperculum finely serrated, the serrae increasing in size at the
angle, which is rounded and has two strong serrae ; upper spine of
operculum small, lower large and strong and about f diameter of
eye in length ; shoulder bone and bone in maxilla serrated, sub-
and inter-opercle more finely so. Teeth villiform, with an enlarged
outer row.

Dorsal xi-xii 10 ; notched ; spines moderately strong ; 4th or 5th
longest, about ^ length of head ; last spine nearly 1 times length
of preceding one and about ^ length of adjacent soft ray. Pectorals
short, from \ to f length of head ; ventrals f length of head. Anal
iii 8 ; 2nd spine strongest, about equal in length to the third, and
about \ the length of the longest dorsal spine. Caudal forked.

Colour, three longitudinal irregularly curved dark bands on each
side of body the upper, from about middle of soft dorsal to nape of

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 151

neck, meeting a similar band on the other side ; the second, from
end of soft dorsal curving through lateral line to the occiput, each
extremity uniting with the corresponding line on the other side ;
the lowest from extremity of middle rays of caudal curving below
median line of body to the back of the head, where it joins the line
from the other side. Caudal with two oblique bands on each lobe :
a black blotch on dorsal from 4th to 7th spines, and from 9th
to 12th ; first 3 soft rays of dorsal with their upper half coloured
black.

Two specimens; one, 130 mm. in length, from Durban Museum,
the other, 132 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

PBISTIPOMA :;: BENNETTII, Lowe.
(Eock Grunter, Black Chor-chor.)

Depth of body is about equal to length of head, and from 3 to Si-
times in total length excluding caudal. Snout about 1J times dia-
meter of eye in the specimen 194 mm. long, and about equal to the
diameter of the eye in the smaller specimens ; diameter of eye about
J the length of the head, and about equal to the interorbital width ;
cleft of mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching to vertical of anterior
margin of orbits ; preoperculum with posterior margin slightly
emarginate, and with rather coarser denticulations at the angle,
which is rounded.

Dorsal xii 16-17 ; notched, spines of moderate strength ; 4th spine
longest, 2|- times in length of head. Pectorals 3-J to 3f times in
length of body without caudal. Anal iii 12 ; 2nd spine stronger,
about same length as 3rd, and rather shorter than highest dorsal

Q_Q

spine. Caudal slightly forked. Lat. 1. 51-55, lat. tr. -j^-

Described from three specimens, 194 mm., 145 mm., 93 mm. in
length respectively. The largest was sent by Mr. Eobinson, Natal,
who describes it as of a silvery colour with a yellowish tinge, belly
white, dorsal slightly yellowish as also pectorals and anal, caudal
greyish with dark tinge, a yellow -blackish opercular spot, a black
streak across front part of eye, eyes black. Very plentiful on Natal
coast and in Durban Bay. The smaller specimens were procured
by the ss. Pieter Faurc, one by shrimp trawl on January 21, 1901,
South Head of Tugela River, W. by N. 4-| miles, 24 fms. mud;
the other on January 16, 1901, off South Head of Tugela River,
12-14 fms. mud.

* The Pristipoma of Cuvier, 1829, is the Pomadasis of Lacepede, 1803 ; it is tem-
porarily retained for local convenience of reference.

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

This fish is common on the South coast of Africa, and many
specimens were procured by the ss. Pieter Faure in trawling.

It seems to us to be the same fish as P. olivaceum, Day ; and, if so,
this indicates a very wide distribution, as it is also recorded from
the Canary Islands, the coast of Algiers, and St. Vincent.

PRISTIPOMA HASTA, Bl.

Depth of body 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head about 3 times. Snout about L| times diameter of eye, which is
4-J times in length of head and a little less than the interorbital
width ; jaws equal, maxillary reaches to a little beyond vertical of
anterior margin of eye ; posterior margin of preoperculum serrate
and emarginate, angle rounded and with coarser denticulations ;
shoulder bone serrate.

Dorsal xii 15 ; originating above base of pectorals ; 3rd and 4th
spines longest, about f to | length of head, last spine nearly 1^
times as long as the llth ; spinous portion of fin higher than soft,
and with a deep notch between. Pectorals elongate, asymmetrical,
i length of head ; ventrals about the same length, reaching to vent,
first ray about ^ longer than the strong spine. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine
very strong, longer than the 3rd, equal in length to longest dorsal
spine. Caudal slightly crescentic. Lat. 1. 53, lat. tr. -|.

Colour, sides with five or six vertical bands of dark spots ; a dark
spot on opercle, dark spots in rows on membranes of spinous dorsal,
and two dark rows on soft dorsal.

Two specimens, one 161 mm. in length, from Durban Museum,
the other 178 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

PRISTIPOMA OPERCULARE, Playfair.

Depth of body about equals length of head, and is 3 times in total
length excluding caudal. Snout pointed and from 1| to If times
diameter of eye, which is 4J to 43- times in length of head and a
little less than interorbital width ; preoperculum with posterior
margin serrate and slightly emarginate, with slightly coarser den-
ticulations at the rounded angle ; cleft of mouth moderate, maxillary
reaching to about vertical of anterior nostril.

Dorsal xi 14 ; notched, spines of moderate strength ; 4th spine
highest, from to g- length of head. Pectorals about length of head.
Anal iii 9 ; 2nd spine strongest and longest, equal in length to 3rd
dorsal spine. Caudal emarginate. Lat. 1. 57-59, lat. tr. T %.

Colour, a dark blotch at upper posterior corner of opercle ; middle

Desertions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 153

and upper half of the body with numerous dark spots in undulat-
ing longitudinal rows ; black spots on spinous dorsal ; dorsal and
caudal dark-edged.

Three specimens 138 mm., 155 mm., 180 mm. in length respec-
tively, procured from Indian fishermen at Durban, caught by seine
net.

PRISTIPOMA STRIATUM, n. sp.

Depth of body 2f in total length excluding caudal, length of head
nearly 3J times. Snout 1^ times in diameter of eye, which is
nearly 4 times in length of head, and about i less than the inter-
orbital width. Cleft of mouth small, maxillary reaching to vertical
of posterior nostril. Preoperculum with posterior border serrate,
with denticulations at the angle, which is rounded.

Dorsal xii 14 ; notched, spines of moderate strength, 4th longest
2f times in length of head ; spinous portion of fin higher than soft.
Anal iii 7 ; 2nd spine strongest and longest, about equal to 4th
dorsal spine in length. Pectoral 1^ times in length of head ;
ventrals If times. Caudal (damaged in specimen) lat. 1. 52, lat.
tr. -}-f.

Colour, silvery, with three dark longitudinal lines on each side
the upper following the curve of the dorsal, extending from about
the end of the soft dorsal to the middle of interorbital space, where
it joins the corresponding line on the other side ; the middle, com-
mencing on upper border of orbits and following curve of lateral
line to below middle of the soft dorsal, where it joins the third line,
which extends along the centre of the body from base of caudal
through eye to snout.

One specimen, 158 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal,
who states it is a rock fish found along with the " Karanteen."

PRISTIPOMA T^SNIOPHORUS, Regan.

Depth of body about 2| times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head about 3} times. Snout slightly longer than diameter
of eye, which is about 3| times in length of head and equals the
interorbital width ; cleft of mouth small, maxillary scarcely reaching
to anterior margin of eye ; preoperculum with posterior border
serrate and emarginate, with coarser denticulations at rounded
angle.

Dorsal xii 15-16; originating above base of pectoral, notched; spines
strong ; 4th spine longest, from .V to f length of head. Anal iii 7 ;
2nd spine very strong and longer than the longest dorsal spine

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

from f to .f length of head. Pectorals as long as or a little longer
than head. Ventrals -f length of head ; the 1st ray slightly filamen-
tous, and about 1-J- times the length of the strong spine. Caudal
slightly forked. Lat. 1. 50-51, lat. tr. VI

Colour, at least five longitudinal dark bands on body, three above
the median line bifurcating anteriorly, the one on the median line
bifurcating at base of caudal.

Two specimens, 165 mm. and 143 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Eobinson, Natal ; taken among rocks near the seashore.

PRISTIPOMA MULTIMACULATUM, Playfair.

Depth of body 2t- times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3 times. Snout 1 T %- times diameter of eye, which is 11 times
in interorbital width and 4f times in length of head. Cleft of mouth
small, jaws equal, maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior nostril ;
a few scales on preorbital ; vertical border of preoperculum emargin-
ate and serrated, more coarsely so at the angle, which has five
spines ; a deep groove under symphysis of lower jaw.

Dorsal xi, i 13 ; spines strong, 3rd and 4th longest and about i
length of head, the succeeding spines decrease in length to the llth,
forming a notch between spinous and soft-rayed portions of fin ;
soft rays not as high as the longest spines. Pectorals ^ length of
head, pointed and elongate. Ventrals T 7 5 length of head. Anal
iii 7 ; the 2nd spine very strong, much longer than 3rd and slightly
lower than longest spines of dorsal. Caudal emarginate, almost
truncate, ^ length of head. Scales on body and head ciliated, those
on lower part of body minutely punctulated with brown. Lat. 1. 47,
lat. tr. {'\. Dorsal profile elevated, greatest height above base of
pectorals.

Colour (of preserved specimen), head and upper part of body
covered with irregular dark brown spots, and two irregular rows on
spinous and soft dorsals.

One specimen, 230 mm. in length, from Durban.

DlAGRAMMA CRASSISPINUM,

Depth of body slightly over | total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3 times. Snout about li times diameter of eye, which is 3f
to 41- in length of head and slightly less than interorbital width ;
posterior margin of preoperculum serrated, with about 4 slightly
coarser serrae at the angle, which is rounded ; maxillary reaches to
below anterior border of eye.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 155

Dorsal xiv 16 ; spines strong, alternately thicker on each side ;
the 4th spine longest, about f to f length of head. Pectorals f
length of head, ventrals about f . Anal iii 7 ; 2nd spine very strong,
longer than 3rd ; equal in length to longest dorsal spine. Caudal
truncate. Lat. 1. 53, lat. tr. -J-.

Colour. The larger specimen is dark brown with about six black
lines passing obliquely across body ; the smaller is light grey.

Two specimens, 102 mm. and 183 mm. in length respectively, the
former from Durban Museum, the latter from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

DlAGBAMMA DUKBANENSE, n. sp.

(Bed-gills.)

Depth of body 2|- times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3^' times. Snout nearly twice diameter of eye, which is If
times in interorbital width and 5 times in length of head ; preoper-
culum with posterior margin finely serrated ; head entirely covered
with scales, snout in front of nostrils not scaly; a transverse depres-
sion on snout midway between its point and the orbits ; cleft of
mouth oblique, lips thick, and the upper extending a little beyond
the lower, maxillary reaching to vertical of posterior nostril.

Dorsal xii 20 ; originating above base of pectoral ; spines strong,
4th, 5th, and 6th longest and subequal, nearly f length of head ;
soft portion of fin lower than spinous. Pectorals f length of head ;
ventrals slightly longer than pectorals, do not reach to anus by
a space about equal to ^ their length. Anal iii 8; 2nd spine
strongest and slightly longer than 3rd, about equal in length to
longest dorsal spines. Caudal crescentic. Scales ciliated (large on
body with clusters of very small ones between each large scale) ;
Lat. 1. 52, Lat. tr. .'-.

Colour, greyish brown shading to light grey below ; caudal black-
edged shading to grey at base ; dorsal dark with black ; anal dark
grey ; ventrals light grey with dark ; pectorals light tinged with
black ; a dark mark at upper side of back ; black on top of head ;
fringe of opercle scarlet opposite pectoral fin, then light crimson ;
inside of mouth and tongue bright.

One specimen, 364 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal, to
whom we are indebted for the above description of the colouring.

DENTEX MILES, n. sp.
(Soldier.)

Teeth, canines moderately strong, 4 on the upper, 6 on the lower
jaw. Depth of body 2f- times in total length excluding caudal,

156 Annals of the South African Museum.

length of head 3^ times. Snout 1^ times diameter of eye, which
equals interorbital width and is 3| times in length of head. Least
depth of preorbital slightly less than diameter of eye ; jaws equal in
front, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin of orbits;
preopercle entire ; 7 series of scales between preorbital and margin
of preoperculum, no scales on sub-orbital. Dorsal profile from snout
to first dorsal slightly convex.

Dorsal xii 10 ; originating above base of pectorals, 3rd spine
longest slender and f length of head, succeeding spines decrease
in height to the last, which is f the length of 3rd spine ; soft rays
slightly higher than adjacent spines, the last ray slightly elongated.
Pectorals l T \y times length of head, reaching to in line with 2nd
spine of anal. Ventrals f length of head, first ray a little prolonged
and reaching nearly to vent. Anal iii 8 ; spines moderately strong,
2nd and 3rd about equal and same height as posterior spines of
dorsal ; soft rays nearly half height of 3rd spine of dorsal and
decreasing a little in height posteriorly except the last ray, which is
slightly elongated. Caudal about length of head, deeply forked.
Scales on upper surface of head come to a point between the eyes in
a line with vertical of anterior margin. Lat. 1. 58, lat. tr. T 7 T .

Colour (of preserved specimen), reddish above, silvery below, a
dark shade across nape, longitudinal dark red lines on upper two-
thirds of body.

One specimen, 205 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

The fish closely resembles D.filosus, Val., but the nape has no
prominent convexity, there are 6 canines in the lower jaw, and
scales extend forward between eyes to the vertical of their anterior
margin.

DENTEX NATALENSIS, n. sp.
(Blueskin.)

Canine teeth moderately strong. Depth of body 21 times in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 3| times. Snout slightly
longer than interorbital width and about 1-J times diameter of eye,
which is 4 times in length of head. Least depth of preorbital f to f
diameter of eye ; preoperculum with vertical margin slightly emargi-
nate ; operculurn with one spine ; scales on interorbital space, and
7 or 8 series of scales on the cheek between sub-orbital region and
preopercular border ; lower jaw slightly projects, maxillary reaches
to vertical of posterior nostril or anterior margin of eye ; profile of
head from origin of dorsal to point of snout slightly convex.

Dorsal xii 10-11 ; originates above base of pectorals, spines

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 157

moderately strong, 4th spine longest and about f length of head,
12th spine about ^ the length of 4th and not quite as high as soft
rays. Pectorals If times length of head, reaching to in line with
2nd spine of anal. Ventrals length of head, reach to vent. Anal
iii 8-9 ; spines moderately strong, the 1st about f height of 2nd,
which is the longest, being nearly the height of the soft rays and
-| the height of longest spine of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked,
nearly as long as pectorals. Scales feebly denticulated ; lat. 1.
54-58, lat. tr. ^.

Colour (of preserved specimens), grey, darker above ; head with a
reddish tinge ; dorsal, anal, and ventrals blackish. Longitudinal
rows of small black spots on body ; these rows are, above the lateral
line, more or less oblique anteriorly and longitudinal posteriorly,
below the lateral line in 3 rows, and also about 8 rows of yellow
lines occurring ventrally.

Colour, when alive, a bluish pink.

Two specimens, 288 mm., 290 mm. in length respectively, from
Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

They differ from D. argyrozona, Cuv. and Val., and D. lineo-
putictatus, Blgr., in the shorter head, greater length of fins, and
smaller eye.

DENTEX PB.EORBITALIS, Giinth.
(Scotchman.)

Canines fairly strong. Depth of body 2-f to 2|- times in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 3^ times. Snout about
2^ times diameter of eye, which is slightly greater than the inter-
orbital width and 4f to 4f times in length of head. Nape of neck
gibbose ; maxillary reaches to about vertical of anterior margin of
eye ; preorbital quadrangular, higher than wide, scaleless and about
If times diameter of eye in height ; 11 series of scales between the
preorbital and the margin of the preoperculum ; scales on inter-
orbital space ; preoperculum covered with scales.

Dorsal xii 10 ; spines moderately strong, 4th spine longest and
about -?- length of head. Pectorals nearly as long as the head and
reach to origin of anal. Yentrals about -| length of head, do not
reach to vent. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine strongest and about same
length as or longer than 3rd. Caudal forked, about i length of head.
Scales above the lateral line much smaller than those below ; lat.
1. 60, lat. tr. T V

Colour (of preserved specimens), numerous small dark dots above

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

lateral line ; 3 dark lines, one on upper border, one across the
middle, and one on the lower border of the eye.

Two specimens, 245 mm. and 260 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Eobinson, Natal ; the fish is caught by deep-sea boats on
the Natal coast.

The specimens agree closely with Gimther's D. praorbitalis,
allowing for difference in size of fish.

GEBRES LONGIROSTRIS, Giinth.

Depth of body 2 to 2J times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3 to 3-1 times. Snout equals diameter of eye, which
is 1 to 1 times in interorbital width and 3 to 3-^ times in length of
head. Snout produced slightly, flattened between nostrils ; cleft of
mouth lateral, upper lip very protractile, maxillary reaches to vertical
of anterior third of orbits ; preopercle entire.

Dorsal ix 10 ; spines flexible, 2nd longest, about 4 length of head
and slightly arched ; spinous portion higher than the soft, last dorsal
spine shorter than first soft rays. Pectorals If to about 11 length
of head, reach to anal. Ventrals about f length of head. Anal iii
7 ; spines moderately strong, 3rd longest or about same length as 2nd
and i length of longest dorsal spine ; anterior rays slightly shorter,
the last two-thirds of the fin being subequal and about ^ the length.
Caudal forked, covered with scales. Scales cycloid, comparatively
large ; lat. 1. 46, lat. tr. /V.

Colour of fresh specimen silvery, with about 9 dark longitudinal
stripes, ventral and anal bright yellow.

This fish does not differ much from G. loiiyirostris, Giinth.,
recorded from the Cape of Good Hope.

Three specimens, 165 mm., 163 mm., and 128 mm. in length
respectively, the first from Mr. Eobinson, Natal, the other two
from fishermen at Durban Harbour.

Two species of Gerres from Natal apparently differ from these
specimens in length of body, &c., but are too imperfect for
identification.

DlNOPERCA QUEKETTI, Blgr.

(Black-fish.)

Depth of body 2-| times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3 times. Snout equal .to interorbital width and slightly less
than diameter of eye, which is 3 to 3J times in length of head.
Preoperculum serrated, seme coarser at the angle, which is rounded
and very slightly produced ; 2 minute spines on operculum ;

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 159

maxillary reaches to vertical of middle of orbits, the width of its
distal extremity being a little more than ^ diameter of eye ; lower
jaw projects ; nasal orifices wide and close together ; gill-rakers
about as long as the gill-fringes, 27 on lower part of anterior arch ;
head entirely covered with scales, maxillary partly covered.

Dorsal xi 17-18 ; originating slightly behind base of pectorals ;
3rd, 4th, and 5th spines longest, ^ length of head ; soft portion of
fin higher than spinous and densely scaled, the anterior rays are
about f length of head, the remainder progressively decreasing, the
posterior margin of the fin being vertical. Pectorals about -*- length
of head, reaching nearly to origin of anal ; ventrals about the same
length. Anal iii 11 ; opposed to soft dorsal and of similar shape ;
spines moderately strong, 2nd longest, J length of anterior soft rays.
Caudal slightly emarginate, covered with scales ; caudal peduncle
1^ times as long as deep. Scales ciliated ; sc. 84, lateral line
indistinct, lat. tr. -|i.

Colour (of preserved specimens), the larger specimen dark brown
with irregular longitudinal rows of white spots on body and
caudal peduncle ; the smaller specimen is of a lighter shade,
especially on the lower part of the body, and has about 4 oblique
transverse bands on the body in addition to the rows of spots.

Two specimens, 199 mm. and 130 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Eobinson, Natal, who states that the fish frequents rocks,
grows to a weight of 4 to 5 Ibs. or more, and is plentiful in the
season.

It differs in some details from D. queketti, Blgr., but is apparently
the same species.

FAMILY SQUAMIPINNES.

CH^TODON SETIFEK, Bloch.

Depth of body a little over If times in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 3f times. Snout 1^ times diameter of eye,
which is 3^ times in length of head and slightly less than interorbital
width. Snout pointed and produced, mouth very small, preopercle
entire.

Dorsal xiii 23 ; 5th and 6th rays produced into a short filament ;
soft portion of fin angular. Pectorals the same length as ventrals,
a little over f length of head. Anal iii 20 ; 3rd spine longest, over
^ length of head ; soft portion of fin angular. Caudal slightly

160 Annals of tlie South African MiLseum.

rounded. Lateral line high and convex, indistinct on caudal
peduncle. Lat. tr. ^.

Colour, dark bands passing upwards and backwards on anterior
half of the body ; a dark band, narrow on the upper length, passing
from crown of head through orbits and across interopercle, wider
below eyes ; a black ocellus near upper edge of soft dorsal between
7th and 12th rays ; edge of soft dorsal and of posterior anal rays
tipped with black ; caudal with 2 vertical lines enclosing a semi-
lunar space.

Two specimens, 119 mm. and 115 mm. in length respectively,
from Durban Museum.

This fish is found from the Red Sea, through the Indian seas, to
Polynesia (Day).

HENIOCHUS MACROLEPIDOTUS, L.

Depth of body 1^ to If times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3,\ to 3J times. Snout about l-- times diameter of
eye, w 7 hich equals interorbital width and is about 3^- times in length
of head. Anterior profile abruptly elevated, slightly convex between
origin of dorsal and nape and concave from thence to point of snout,
with a slight protuberance above the eyes; interorbital space convex;
snout produced, jaws equal, lips thick, cleft of mouth small, maxillary
reaches to vertical of midway between point of snout and anterior
margin of orbits ; preoperculum very finely serrated, more coarsely
so at its angle, which is very slightly produced ; operculum with two
flat inconspicuous points.

Dorsal xi 27 ; spines strong, the 4th spine with a filamentous
prolongation reaching to end of caudal fin or beyond it ; 5th spine
also somewhat elongated and equals or slightly exceeds length of
head, 6th spine about f length of head, remaining spines become
gradually shorter. Soft portion of fin rounded, centre rays longest
and about the same height as 6th spine. Pectorals slightly shorter
than head. Ventrals li to 14 times length of head and reaching to

i o o

in line with 2nd spine of anal. Anal iii 18 ; spines strong, the 2nd
is strongest and about equal in length to the 3rd, which is about the
same height as 6th spine of dorsal ; soft portion of fin pointed,
middle rays longest and about the length of the head. Caudal
almost straight on its posterior edge and about f length of head.
Scales ciliated, 5 rows between lateral line and base of 8th or 9th
spine of dorsal. Lat. 1. 52.

Colour (of preserved specimens), brown ; a dark patch over snout,
another between the eyes ; a broad dark band extending from base

Descriptions of Fishes front the Coast of Natal. 161

of first three spines of dorsal in a slight curve downwards, including
posterior two-thirds of operculum and base of pectorals, and across
abdomen from origin of ventrals to anal, including ventrals ; a broad
dark band curves downwards and backwards from summit of 5th to
7th spines of dorsal to anal, including posterior third of that fin;
anal spines dark, anterior two-thirds of fin with a dark edge.

Two specimens, 111 mm. and 114 mm. in length respectively,
from Durban Museum.

HOLACANTHUS KHOMBOIDES, n. Sp.

Depth of body If times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 4 times. Snout slightly less than interorbital width and
If times diameter of eye, which is 3i- times in length of head ;
preoperculum with posterior border finely serrated, and with a large
grooved spine, -i- the diameter of the eye in length, at the angle ;
nape slightly compressed and gibbose ; a bulge at upper anterior
angle of orbits, and a deep indentation from each nostril to orbit ; a
small spine on each side of snout above upper lip, the lip being very
protractile and thick in the centre ; lower jaw longer, chin pro-
minent ; cleft of mouth small, and oblique when closed.

Dorsal xii 23 ; spines short, embedded in a groove, increasing in
length to last spine ; anterior soft rays about 4 times the height
of the last, the margin of the tin vertical with a rounded angle.
Pectorals a little longer than head ; ventrals slightly shorter, with
the first ray filamentous and about twice the length of the spine,
which is strong. Anal iii 22 ; spines short and deeply embedded ;
soft portion of fin about equal to soft dorsal, with a similar vertical
margin and rounded angle. Margin of caudal straight.

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform dark brown.

Described from one specimen, 234 mm. in length, received from
Mr. Kobinson, Natal, who states it is a deep-sea fish, and very
rare.

A smaller specimen, 114 mm. in length, caught off the breakwater
at Port Natal, was also received from Mr. Eobinson. It agrees very
closely with the above, allowing for the difference in size, and seems
to be the immature form of this species. The colour, however,
differs considerably, being a dark greenish brown with bright blue
crescentic stripes across the body passing, respectively, through the
angle of the mouth, anterior and posterior margins of eye, middle of
operculum, second third of body, and caudal peduncle ; between the
last two there is a faint irregular line.

11

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

DREPANE PUNCTATA, L.

Depth of body If times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3f times. Snout twice as long as diameter of eye, which is less
than interorbital width and about 4 times in length of head. Profile
almost straight from origin of dorsal to apex of a projecting portion
between eyes, in front of which is a deep concavity, from which to
end of snout almost straight ; snout very protractile ; cleft of mouth
oblique, upper lip thick ; preorbital high, about If diameter of eye ;
preoperculum with minute serrations on lower limb and angle ; a
group of 8 barbels behind symphysis of lower jaw arranged in 3 rows,
4 in first row, 2 in second, and 2 behind.

Dorsal ix 22 ; spines strong and curved backwards, 1st very
minute, 4th longest, f- length of head ; soft portion of fin much
higher than spinous, longest rays being nearly If length of longest
spine ; the first soft ray not divided. Pectorals long and falciform,
the 6th and 7th rays longest, slightly over twice the length of head
and reaching almost to base of caudal. Ventrals over f length of
head, anterior rays filamentous, spine strong and nearly -f length
of 1st ray. Anal iii 19 ; spines short, the 2nd longest ; anterior
rays slightly longer than longest dorsal rays, the 1st ray not divided.
Caudal (damaged in specimen). Scales cycloid; lateral line 50, high
and following curve of dorsal, lat. tr. \:',.

One specimen, 230 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

This specimen differs somewhat from D. punctata, G. and V.,
chiefly in shape of body ; the distance also between the commence-
ment of the dorsal and anal is not equal to the length of body to base
of caudal, but only to about over the 14th ray of the anal ; the
profile from the dorsal to the snout is different, there being an
elevation in front of the eyes about equal to | their diameter.

SCORPIS LITHOPHILUS, n. Sp.

(Stone-fish.)

Depth of body twice in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 4 times. Snout equals the diameter of the eye, which is about
1^ times in interorbital width and 3 to 3J times in length of head.
Snout very obtuse, with a protuberance before upper anterior angle
of each orbit ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of
orbits, upper lip thick in the middle.

Dorsal viii 20 ; soft portion slightly falcate, anterior rays elevated
and a little over f length of head ; spines short and strong, received
into a sheath. Pectorals 1J in length of head. Ventrals nearly

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 163

| length of head. Anal iii 23 ; spines short, soft portion of fin
similar to soft dorsal fin ; anterior ray about f length of head.
Caudal crescentic. Scales ciliated. Lat. 1. 90, lat. tr. ^ (approxi-
mately).

Colour (of preserved specimen), slate grey, white ventrals, a dark
spot on operculum.

One specimen, 208 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal ;
caught among rocks on Natal coast, very common.

FAMILY MULLID.E.

UPENEOIDES VITTATUS, Forsk.

Teeth, in a narrow band on each jaw and on palatines, a single
row on vomer. Depth of body slightly less than length of head,
which is nearly 3f times in total length excluding caudal. Snout
about 1^ times in diameter of eye, which is about | less tha i inter-
orbital width and 4 times in length of head.

Two dorsals viii, i 8 ; spines of anterior dorsal weak ; I si spine
minute, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th about equal, I*- times as high as second
dorsal and f length of head ; 6 rows of scales between 1st and 2nd
dorsals. Pectorals y,,- length of head. Ventrals ? length of head.
Anal i 7 ; originates between 3rd and 4th rays of soft dorsal, spine
minute. Caudal (damaged in specimen). Scales ctenoid ; lateral
line 38, tubes arborescent on each scale, especially anteriorly.

Lat. tr. y.

One specimen, 159 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

This fish is found from the Red Sea, East Coast of Africa, seas of
India, to the Malay Archipelago and beyond (Day).

UPENEUS QUEKETTI, n. sp.

Depth of body 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3| times. Snout a little less than twice diameter of eye,
which is about 1^- times in interorbital width and 3^ to 4 times in
length of head. A well-developed opercular spine ; maxillary does
not reach to vertical of anterior margin of eye ; barbels do not reach
to angle of preoperculum.

Dorsal viii, i 8 ; first 3 spines of anterior dorsal nearly the same
length, the 2nd slightly longer than the others, f to f length of head ;
the first two spines are closer together than the others. Second dorsal
anteriorly f to -f as high as the first. Pectorals f length of head ;

164 Annals of the South African Museum.

ventrals a little longer than pectorals. Anal i 6 ; commences
slightly behind origin of 2nd dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Six
rows of scales between 1st and 2nd dorsals ; lateral line 38-39,
tubes very arborescent, especially anteriorly ; lat. tr. |=-

Two specimens, 180 mm. and 177 mm. in length respectively,
the former from Durban Museum, the latter from Mr. Anderson,
taken at Inner Harbour, Durban.

? UPENEUS INDICUS, Shaw.

Depth of body 3 T \ T to 3^ times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head about the same. Snout about 2-^ times diameter of
eye, which is H times in interorbital width and about 4f times in
length of head. Snout obtuse; jaws equal, maxillary reaches to
about vertical of midway between point of snout and orbits ; spine
on opercle strong ; barbels reach to beyond posterior margin of
preoperculum.

Dorsal viii, i 8 ; 1st spine of anterior dorsal minute, 3rd longest
nearly f length of head. Pectorals about f length of head ; ventrals
f length of head. Anal i 7 ; originates behind second dorsal and
is of about same height. Caudal (damaged in specimens). Scales in

3 rows between 1st and 2nd dorsals ; lat. 1. 29, tubes arborescent,

lat. tr. f-

Colour (of preserved specimens), greenish ; with a black blotch
between 2nd dorsal and caudal, extending from the lateral line and
crossing the back.

Two specimens, 134 mm. and 128 mm. in length respectively
from Durban Museum (somewhat damaged and not in a good state
for determination).

FAMILY SPAEID^.

CKENIDENS FORSKALII, C. and V.
(White Karanteen.)

Teeth, 10 in upper jaw and 12 in lower.

Depth of body 2| times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 4 times. Snout U times diameter of eye, which is If times in
interorbital space and about 3J times in length of head. Snout
blunt, with a prominent bulge at upper anterior angle of orbits ; 3 or

4 rows of scales on cheeks ; cleft of mouth small, maxillary reaches
about to vertical of posterior nostril.

Dorsal xi 11 ; spines flexible, 3rd longest and about 4 length of

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 165

head ; spinous portion of fin higher than soft. Pectorals 1 times
length of head, but not reaching to anal. Ventrals about length of
head. Anal iii 10 ; spines strong, 2nd stronger and a little longer
than 3rd, about ^ length of longest dorsal spine. Caudal emarginate.
Scales cycloid ; lat. 1. 52, lat. tr. T 'V-

Colour (of preserved specimen), silvery, dark longitudinal bands
on upper two-thirds of body, dorsal and caudal edged with black.

One specimen, 197 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

The fish is also found in the Eed Sea, seas of India, Sind, and
coast of Mozambique (Day).

Box SALPA, L.
(Striped Karanteen.)

Teeth, incisors in upper jaw notched in the centre, in lower jaw
triangular with a very slight lateral denticulation. Depth of body
2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head slightly
over 4 times. Snout a little over diameter of eye, which is about
1-g- times in interorbital width and 3-J- times in length of head.
Snout very obtuse, with a protuberance at upper anterior angle of
each eye ; cleft of mouth small, lateral, slightly curved ; maxillary
reaches nearly to vertical of anterior margin of orbits ; upper lip
projecting, thick in the middle ; preorbital has upper anterior margin
slightly produced and its inferior edge slightly emarginate.

Dorsal xi 14 ; spines flexible and received in a groove ; spinous
portion higher than soft ; 5th and 6th spines longest, nearly ^ length
of head. Pectorals nearly as long as the head. Ventrals f length
of head. Anal iii 13 ; spines weak ; 3rd longest, about f length of
adjacent soft ray and -J- length of longest dorsal spine ; spines and
rays received in a groove. Caudal forked. Scales slightly ciliated ;
lat. 1. 73, lat. tr. T \.

Colour, about seven longitudinal white lines (in preserved
specimen), black spot in axil of pectorals.

One specimen, 173 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

This fish is well known at the Cape, where it is called the " Bamboo
fish." It occurs in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands, and
it is of interest to find it in a region where so many typical Indian
forms occur. The Cape specimens when alive are greenish above
and silvery below, with yellow longitudinal bands.

DIPTEKODON CAPENSIS, C. and V.

Depth of body nearly twice the total length excluding caudal,
length of head a little over 3i times. Snout equal in length to

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

interorbital width and about 1 ( V times diameter of eye, which is
nearly 3^ times in length of head. Posterior margin of preoperculum
serrated ; a protuberance at upper anterior angle of orbits ; snout
obtuse; cleft of mouth small and slightly oblique, maxillary reaches
to vertical of anterior margin of orbits ; upper lip thick ; cheeks
covered with scales.

Dorsal x 20 ; spines strong and received into a sheath at base ;
4th and 5th longest, nearly i length of head, succeeding spines
decreasing. The anterior rays of soft dorsal are about the same
length as the longest spines, the remainder shortening successively
and again lengthening a little, making the posterior margin of the
fin emarginate. Pectorals about -/ length of head, reaching vertical
of vent; ventrals slightly less than pectorals. Anal iii 13; second
spine strongest and a little longer than 3rd, f length of longest
dorsal spine. Caudal forked, covered with fine scales. Scales
ciliated; lat. 1. about 80, lat. tr. H*.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark grey, fins black. The colour
of fresh specimens of this fish, which occurs abundantly at the Cape,
where it is known locally as " Galjoen," varies very much ; some-
times the body is very light and silvery, when a series of broad
bands may appear across it usually, however, the body is dark,
without bands ; the soft dorsal and anal also have a dark patch.

One specimen, 196 mm. in length, from Mr. Kobinson, Natal.

CANTHARUS ^NEUS, n. sp.
(Bronze Bream.)

Depth of body 2-^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 4 times. Snout equal to interorbital width and nearly twice
the diameter of the eye, which is 4 T 1 - |T times in length of head ; snout
obtuse, with a bulge at upper anterior border of the orbits; mouth
small, cleft slightly curved; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior
nostril, which is very elongate and situated before upper angle of
orbits ; 8 series of scales between preorbital and preopercular limb ;
preorbital rather longer than wide, concealing the maxillary bone ;
posterior margin of preoperculum straight, angle rounded.

Dorsal xi 11 ; originates above base of pectorals, spines flexible ;
5th spine longest, nearly i length of head ; soft portion of tin lower
than spinous. Pectorals 1 T : ' - times length of head, reach almost to
origin of anal, 5th ray longest, base of fin covered with scales.
Ventrals nearly length of head and with a moderately strong spine f
the length of adjacent ray ; reach nearly to vent. Anal iii 10 ; spines

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 167

strong, 1st about ^ length of 2nd, which is about the same height as
3rd, and nearly f length of longest dorsal spine. Scales of moderate
size, faintly ciliated ; lat. 1. 82, lat. tr. ] .

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown with numerous white
longitudinal lines.

One specimen, 311 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal ;
caught amongst rocks.

CANTHARUS NATALENSIS, u. sp.
(Hottentot.)

Depth of body 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 4 times. Snoiit 1^ times diameter of eye, which is 1^- times
in interorbital width and about 3f times in length of head ; profile
of head rounded, with a protuberance at anterior upper angle of each
orbit ; cleft of mouth small, oblique ; maxillary reaches to vertical of
posterior nostril, which is elongate ; lower jaw slightly projecting,
chin prominent. There are about 12 series of scales between pre-
orbital and preopercular border ; preorbital longer than wide,
emarginate, angles rounded.

Dorsal xi 12 ; originates above base of pectorals, spines flexible ;
4th spine longest, nearly ^ length of head ; anterior soft rays about
equal to adjacent spine, lengthening posteriorly to nearly length of
4th spine. Pectorals It times length of head, reach to origin of
anal, base scaly, lower rays branched. Ventrals about |- length of
head, i-each to vent. Anal iii 11 ; 2nd spine strongest and slightly
less than 3rd, f length of longest dorsal spine. Scales very faintly
ciliated ; lat. 1. 88, lat. tr. f* ; tubes of lateral line bifurcated,
especially anteriorly.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark above, silvery below.

This fish may be distinguished, among other things, by the great
length of the 4th dorsal spine from the Cape Hottentot (C. blochii),
which has the 4th spine ^ length of head.

One specimen, 310 mm. in length, from Mr. Kobinson, Natal.
Fish taken by deep-sea fishermen, not so common as other varieties.

SARGUS CERVINUS, Lowe.

Teeth, molars in two series on each jaw; incisors elongate, im-
planted in an oblique direction, - 2 . (The actual numbers of teeth
in the specimen are ", but there is clearly one missing from the left
upper, and one from right lower jaw.) Depth of body twice in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times. Snout rather pro-

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

duced, 2^ times diameter of eye, which is 5 times in length of head
andi interorbital width ; lips very thick and fleshy, maxillary reaches
to vertical of posterior nostril, which is elongate and close to upper
anterior angle of eye ; suprascapula much larger than a scale and
indistinctly striated, a series of striated scales curves upwards from
it to the occiput, and a similar series from upper angle of preoper-
culum to crown of head.

Dorsal xi 13 ; spines flexible, and received into a groove at the base ;
4th spine longest, -| length of head ; soft portion of fin much lower
than spinous and with base of rays covered with scales. Pectorals
1 times length of head, the 5th and 6th rays produced and reaching
much beyond origin of anal, to about in line with base of 3rd ray.
Ventrals about -J- length of pectorals, reaching to vent. Anal iii 11 ;
2nd spine strongest and longest, T 7 D length of longest dorsal spine,
base of soft portion of fin covered with scales. Caudal eniarginate,
covered with scales. Scales cycloid ; lat. 1. 62, and 6 on caudal fin in

addition, lat. tr. V*

18

Colour, seven broad dark cross-bands on body, their breadth about
equal to the distance between them ; dorsal, anal, and ventrals
blackish.

One specimen, 286 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

LETHEINUS SCOPAEIUS, n. sp.
(Scavenger.)

Teeth, 4 small canines in front on either jaw ; lateral teeth in jaws
near front pointed, posteriorly the last few with rounded crowns and
larger in upper jaw. Depth of body 2f times in total length exclud-
ing caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout 2^- times diameter of eye,
which is about 1^ times in interorbital width and 4 times in length
of head. Snout pointed ; cleft of mouth lateral ; maxillary reaches
to vertical of anterior nostril ; operculmn with a flat, broad, incon-
spicuous spine ; preorbital about 1^ times diameter of eye in height,
concealing maxillary bone ; head, lower jaw, and preoperculum with
numerous fine pores ; nape slightly gibbose, profile of head descend-
ing obliquely in a nearly straight line to point of snout.

Dorsal x 9 ; spines flexible, increasing in length to 3rd, which is
about -f- length of head and slightly longer than longest ray. Pec-
torals, first rays longest, nearly the length of the head and reaching
to in line with 3rd spine of anal. Ventrals nearly -| length of head
and reaching to vent. Anal iii 8 ; spines moderately strong, 3rd
slightly longer than 2nd, nearly as long as soft rays and about f

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 169

length of longest dorsal spine. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes,
the upper of which is longer. Scales feebly ciliated; Lat. 1. 47,
lat. tr. l g .

Colour (of preserved specimen), scales of body yellowish, head
dark brown with a few dark dots on cheek, and short bands less than
three diameters of the eye one under eye and 2 radiating from the
eye anteriorly.

One specimen, 220 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

PAGRUS NIGKIPINNIS, Blgr.
(Mussel-crusher.)

Teeth, 4 strong canines on each jaw ; a row of large molars. Depth
of body nearly 2^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 2f times. Snout 2f times diameter of eye, which is nearly 1
times in interorbital width and 5 times in length of head. Inter-
orbital space broad and flat, a protuberance before eyes at upper
anterior angle of orbits ; preoperculum finely denticulated, angle
rounded; operculum with a short strong spine; preorbital e margin -
ate, least width ll- times diameter of eye ; interorbital region, occiput,
cheek and gill-cover densely covered with small, strongly imbricated
scales ; 16 series of scales on the cheek ; jaws equal, maxillary
reaches to vertical of posterior nostril.

Dorsal xii 10 ; originates above base of pectorals, spines strong,
3rd and 4th longest, a little more than 1 length of head and about f
length of longest soft rays ; base of soft portion of tin covered with
scales for about ^ of the height. Pectorals T 9 a length of head, reach to
in line with base of 2nd anal spine. Ventrals nearly f length of head.
Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine very strong and longer than 3rd, ^ length of
head, nearly equal in length to longest dorsal spine and -*- length of
anterior soft rays ; the whole fin embedded in a scaly sheath for ^
height of rays. Caudal forked, upper lobe rather longer than lower,
base of fin covered with scales. Scales feebly ciliated ; lat. 1. 62,

lat. tr. g.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown above, whitish below ;
all fins black.

One specimen, 297 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

This appears to be a young specimen of P. nigripinnis, Blgr., the
type of which was 400 mm. in length. The " Mussel-crusher " grows
to a very large size (three feet or so in length), and is apparently the
same fish as the " Bischop " or " Poeskop " of Cape fishermen, a
name which, however, they also apply to a large Sargus, which also

170 Annals of the South African Museum.

occurs in Natal and is there called the "Brasher." Castelnau
describes a " Poeskop " from Kalk Bay as Chrysophrys nasutus, n. sp.,
which may be the fish here described. The " Brusher " is probably
his Payrus durbanensis, but his descriptions are not sufficient to
allow of certain identification.

CHRYSOPHRYS ROBINSONI, n. sp.
(Mud Bream.)

Teeth, 6 canines in each jaw ; molars in 3 rows in the lower, 4 or
5 in the upper jaw. Depth of body 2^- times in total length exclud-
ing caudal, length of head 3.'- times. Snout about If times diameter
of eye, which is a little more than 1^- times in interorbital width and
4f times in length of head. Nape gibbose, a slight protuberance
between the orbits ; preorbital -J- diameter of eye in height, lower
border emarginate, and twace as long as high ; 6 rows of scales
between preorbital and angle of preoperculum ; cleft of mouth
lateral, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of eye, upper
lip thick ; opercular spine small and inconspicuous.

Dorsal xi 11 ; originates above base of pectorals, spines strong
and received in a groove ; 4th spine longest, a little over f length of
head and about the same height as longest soft rays. Pectorals a
little longer than head and reach to origin of anal. Ventrals about
f length of head. Anal iii 9 ; 2nd spine very strong, grooved and
very flattened (about ^ diameter of eye), and 1^ times the length of
the longest dorsal spine. Caudal emarginate. Scales feebly ciliated ;
lat. 1. 43, lat. tr. -f T .

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark, almost black.

Described from one specimen, 234 mm. in length, from Mr.
Eobinson, Natal : the fish is said not to exceed 2 Ibs. in weight.

CHRYSOPHRYS ESTUARIUS, n. sp.
(Eiver Bream.)

Teeth, 6 canines on each jaw ; molars in 4 or 5 rows on upper,
3 rows on lower jaw. Depth of body 2^ to 2^ times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 3^ times. Snout 1|- to 1
times diameter of eye, which is li to 1 times in interorbital width
and 4^- to 5 times in length of head. Snout straight, a slight in-
ward curve in dorsal profile behind eye ; preorbital emarginate,
slightly less than or equal to diameter of eye in height ; 5 rows of
scales between preorbital and angle of preoperculum ; cleft of
mouth lateral, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of
orbits ; opercular spine small and inconspicuous.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 171

Dorsal xi 11 ; spines strong, received in a groove, each alternate
one strongest and flattened (4 mm.) on one side ; 4th spine longest,
slightly less than ^ length of head ; spinous portion of fin higher
than the soft. Pectorals a little longer than head, 5th and 6th rays
longest, reach to origin of anal. Ventrals f to length of head ;
spine fairly strong, compressed and nearly - length of 1st soft ray.
Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine strong, longer than 3rd and about same
length as longest dorsal spine. Caudal emarginate. Scales ciliated,
but very feebly above lateral line ; lat. 1. 44-46, lat. tr. ^ r .

Colour (of preserved specimen), whitish, dorsal edged with black,
a black patch at commencement of lateral line.

Three specimens, 160 mm., 2L8 mm., 226 mm. in length respec-
tively, from Mr Eobinson, Natal.

CHEYSOPHRYS NATALENSIS, Cast.
(Silver Bream.)

Teeth, 6 canines on each jaw ; molars in 4 rows on upper, 3 rows
on lower jaw, the last teeth of inner series being the largest. Depth
of body 2i times in total length excluding caudal, length of head
3| times. Snout about 2J times diameter of eye, which is If times
in interorbital width and 4^ times in length of head. Dorsal profile
is an uninterrupted and gentle curve from end of snout to beginning
of dorsal fin ; a protuberance above anterior upper angle of orbits ;
upper jaw projects slightly beyond lower ; maxillary reaches to
vertical of anterior margin of orbits ; preorbital slightly emarginate,
height 1^- times diameter of eye, 6 series of scales between preorbital
and angle of preoperculum ; spine on opercle small and inconspicuous.

Dorsal xi 13 ; spines flexible, received into a sheath ; 4th spine
longest, nearly ^ length of head and longer than longest soft rays.
Pectorals lf ! () times length of head, 5th and 6th rays longest, reach
to vertical of commencement of soft anal. Ventrals about f length
of head, scarcely reach to vent. Anal iii 11 ; spines moderately
strong, 2nd and 3rd about equal, about same length as longest rays
and f length of longest dorsal spine. Caudal forked, lobes covered
with small scales. Scales cycloid above lateral line and feebly
ciliated below. Lat. 1. 62, lat. tr. f|-.

Colour (of preserved specimen), pale brown, margin of dorsal dark,
a black band between and over eyes.

One specimen, 280 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

It is probably the C. natalensis of Castelnau, but his description
is insufficient.

172 Annals of the South African Museum.

CHRYSOPHRYS ANGLICUS, n. sp.
(Englishman.)

Teeth, canines four, rather poorly developed, on upper and lower
jaw ; 3 large molars behind the middle of each jaw forming an outer
row; in the upper jaw a second irregular row of smaller molars and
internal to this numerous very small molars. Depth of body 2-^
times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times.
Snout a little more than twice diameter of eye, which is If times in
interorbital width and nearly 4| times in length of head. Nape
gibbose, a very pronounced bulge on upper anterior angle of orbits,
profile from origin of dorsal fin to orbits slightly convex and de-
scending very abruptly from orbits to point of snout. Preorbital
nearly as high as wide, its least depth about If times diameter of
eye, and slightly einarginate on posterior third; jaws about equal
and slightly produced, maxillary reaches nearly to vertical of
middle of orbits ; vertical limb of preoperculum smooth or very
finely serrated; operculum with an inconspicuous spine; 13 or 14
series of scales between preorbital and angle of preoperculum ;
interorbital space rounded and covered with scales.

Dorsal xii 10 ; spines flexible, 3rd spine longest and nearly ^
length of head, succeeding spines shortening to 12th, which is a
little more than J T as high as the 3rd and about f the height of
adjacent soft ray ; longest soft rays about | the height of longest
spine. Pectorals falcate, 1 times length of head and reaching to
in line with first ray of anal. Ventrals over f length of head and
reaching to vent. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine strongest, about same
length as 3rd and -*- the height of longest spine of dorsal ; soft rays
about same height as 3rd anal spine, shortening posteriorly.
Caudal forked (damaged in specimen). Scales feebly ciliated;
lat. 1. 66, lat. tr. fi.

Colour. Mr. Eobinson kindly supplied the following particulars :
" Silvery pinkish. Several broad, rather indistinct darker bands
vertically tail pale pink, dorsals pinkish tinged with green, pec-
torals pinkish, ventrals darker pink, anal pinkish tinged with green.
A red vertical stripe at base of pectorals, a red spot on side at base
of pectorals, head dark red in front above eyes, a whitish bony knob
in front of eyes, under edge of lower jaw purplish, upper jaw darker
red in front, greenish tinge on gill-covers, eyes black pupil with
orange iris."

One specimen, 397 mm. in length, from Durban.

This species approaches Chrysophrys gibbiceps (the red stump-

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 173

nose) in general shape, especially of the head region. It can be
distinguished from it by the difference in the number of scales.

CHRYSOPHRYS DENTATUS, n. sp.
(Dane.)

Teeth, 4 incisors in upper jaw projecting forward, 6 in lower jaw,
of which the 4 centre ones project like the upper incisors, the 2
outer being somewhat recurved and canine-like ; immediately
behind them are small pointed teeth which soon pass into rounded
molars, of which there are about 4 rows, further back there is one
row of large rounded molars. Depth of body 2^ times in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout twice
diameter of eye, which is about 1J times in interorbital width and
4 times in length of head. Preorbital If times diameter of eye
in height, and almost entirely covering the maxillary bone ; cleft
of mouth large, slightly oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical of
anterior margin of orbits; lower jaw projects; 11 series of scales
between preorbital and margin of preoperculum ; profile of head
from occiput to point of snout nearly straight, obliquely descend-
ing, with a very slight bulge in front of orbits.

Dorsal xiii 11; spines flexible; 3rd and 4th longest, about
length of head. Pectorals slightly longer than length of head, the
4th and 5th rays longest, reaching beyond origin of anal. Ventrals
about |- length of head, reach to vent. Anal iii 9; spines moder-
ately strong (tips of 2nd and 3rd broken in specimen). Caudal
emarginate. Scales ctenoid ; lat. 1. 73, lat. tr. if.

Colour (of preserved specimen), whitish, with a dark band be-
tween eyes.

One specimen, 205 mm. in length, from Mr. Kobinson, Natal ;
fish captured by deep-sea boats.

CHRYSOPHRYS PUNICEUS, n. sp.

(Slinger.)

Teeth, 4 conical canines on upper, 6 on lower jaw; molars in 4
rows on upper jaw, outer large, inner small and in indistinct rows.

Depth of body twice in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3 times. Snout 1-+- times diameter of eye, which is 1 J times in
interorbital width and 4 times in length of head. Nape very gibbose,
profile of head obliquely descending, a slight protuberance between
orbits; preorbital If times diameter of eye in height, longer than
wide, and partly covering maxillary bone ; operculum with a small

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

spine ; cleft of mouth oblique, maxillary reaches to anterior
margin of orbits ; snout obtuse ; cheek and preopercle covered with
scales.

Dorsal xii 10 ; spines flexible, 4th spine longest, \ length of head ;
spinous portion of fin higher than soft. Pectorals If times length
of head, 4th and 5th rays being produced, reach to 3rd ray of anal.
Ventrals 1- length of head, reach about to vent. Anal iii 9 ; 2nd
spine strongest and longest, nearly f length of longest dorsal spine.
Caudal forked. Scales cycloid ; lat. 1. 50, lat. tr. T 8 F .

Colour, pink, a black spot on axil and black streak below eye.

One specimen, 230 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal ;
taken by deep-sea boats.

CYPHOSUS FUSCUS, Lacep.

Depth of body 2-|- times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3f times. Snout ll times diameter of eye, which is If times
in interorbital width and nearly 4 times in length of head ; preoper-
culum slightly serrated at angle, which is rounded.

Dorsal xi 12 ; spines low, increasing in length posteriorly, the 4th
to the 7th being longest, about -V the depth of the body and about
the same length as the last and longest soft rays. Anteriorly the soft
portions of both dorsal and anal fins are low r er than the spinous.
Pectorals nearly ^ length of head ; ventrals slightly less than
pectorals. Anal iii 11 ; 3rd spine longest, nearly the length of the
longest dorsal spine. Caudal (damaged in specimen). Scales
ctenoid ; lat. 1. 69 scales were counted over the lateral line, the
pierced scales were indistinct, lat. tr. oi 12 i) .

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform brown.

One specimen, 146 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

FAMILY CIEEHITID^.

ClERHITICHTHYS MACULATUS, Lacep.

Teeth, in villiform bands on both jaws with an outer rather
enlarged row on the upper and 4 or 5 strong, curved, conical teeth
on each side of the lower jaw ; a triangular villiform patch on vomer
and band on palatines. Depth of body equals length of head and is
3 times in total length excluding caudal. Snout about If times
diameter of eye, which is a little greater than interorbital width and

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 175

4i times in length of head. Vertical limb of preoperculum finely
serrated, angle rounded entire and slightly produced ; greatest depth
of preorbital equals diameter of eye ; a well-developed heavily
fringed tentacle on anterior nostril ; maxillary reaches to vertical of
middle of orbits ; interorbital space concave with a strong bony
ridge over each eye produced posteriorly into a smooth bony
excrescence above the preoperculum ; profile of head depressed
behind orbits.

Dorsal x 11 ; commences above base of pectorals, spines strong,
3rd to 6th subequal and about f length of head, the following spines
decreasing slightly ; anterior soft rays li times length of the
adjacent spine. Pectorals 7 + viii. ; the two upper simple rays are
longest and nearly f length of head. Ventrals a little over 1 length
of head. Anal iii 6 ; 2nd spine strongest and longest, a little
higher than longest spines of dorsal ; anterior soft rays 1J times as
high as longest rays of dorsal. Caudal (damaged). Scales fairly
large, cycloid, and also cover posterior margin of opercles. Lat. 1.
40, lat. tr. f.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown, lighter underneath ;
body spotted with dark brown, vertical fins with irregular bars of
dark brown.

One specimen, 165 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal ;
caught at Winkel Spruit.

FAMILY SC

PTEROIS MILES, Benn.

Teeth, a band of villiform teeth on each jaw, a deep chevron-
shaped band on vomer. Depth of body 3^ times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head over 3| times. Snout twice
diameter of eye, which nearly equals interorbital width and is 4i-
times in length of head. Interorbital space very concave ; a bony
ridge on each orbit with a blunt spine at posterior end ; a bladelike
spine on occipital ridge on each side of nape ; a spinate ridge from
upper posterior angle of eye to commencement of lateral line ; snout
with a bony knob in centre nearer to point than to orbits, the
anterior nostrils, each of which has a flap, being at its base on the
posterior side ; 3 blunt spines on lower margin of preorbital, from
which a bony ridge extends to eye and a spinate ridge crosses the
cheek and extends to upper spine of preoperculum, which has 2

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

smaller spines below it ; opercular spine only slightly developed ;
orbital tentacles small ; tentacles on lower edge of preorbital, the
lower one more developed, and one or two tentacles on lower margin
of preoperculum .

Dorsal xii, i 11 ; interspinous membranes deeply emarginate,
spines lower anteriorly, the first 2 close together, 1st spine a little
more than -| length of head, the succeeding ones increasing to the
6th or 7th, which are subequal and ^ length of head; the last 2
spines are much shorter, the 12th being about f the height of the
6th or 7th, and forming a notch between the spinous and soft-rayed
portions of the fin. The middle soft rays are about -^ higher than
longest spines ; all the rays are split. Pectorals 13 ; reach to
posterior end of soft dorsal ; rays of upper half of fin have mem-
branes deeply cleft and are If times length of head. Ventrals about
J longer than head and reach to origin of anal. Anal iii 7 ; spines
moderately strong, 3rd longest and about same height as 1st spine
of dorsal ; soft rays split, middle ones about same height as soft
dorsal. Caudal about f longer than head, rounded, rays split, and
middle ones longest. Scales on base of pectorals. Lat. tr. \\.

Colour (of preserved specimen), greyish brown, with vertical dark
bands with narrower and lighter intermediate ones, three or four
brown bands radiating downwards from eye, three or four extending
across nape and head. Pectorals and ventrals blackish ; vertical
fins without black spots.

One specimen, 188 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

A second specimen from Natal agrees with the above excepting that
(1) the soft vertical fins have black spots ; (2) the pectorals extend
to the root of the caudal ; (3) soft dorsal and anal are rather longer;
(4) soft dorsal has 10 rays, anal has 6. In other respects they
resemble each other so closely that we have considered them as
specifically the same.

APISTUS FAUREI, n. sp.

Depth of body 3j- times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head a little less than three times. Snout equals diameter of eye,
which is 3 times in interorbital width and slightly over 4 times
in length of head. Eyes directed slightly upwards and outwards ;
preorbital produced on each side of point of snout with a large spine
longer than diameter of eye and 2 smaller ones anteriorly on each
side ; two lines from point of snout passing backwards betw r een eyes
and diverging on occiput to nape ; preoperculum with a strong spine
on posterior margin and 3 smaller ones at the angle ; operculum

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 177

with 2 spines, a temporal ridge with spines ; mouth wide, cleft
slightly oblique, lower jaw slightly longer than upper, maxil-
lary reaches to vertical of middle of orbits ; a slender barbel
at symphysis of lower jaw, with one on each mandible a little
behind it.

Dorsal xv 9 ; spines slender, first 2 about equal, increasing gradu-
ally to 10th, which is about f length of head, then decreasing to 14th
which is about f the height of the last spine ; anterior soft rays
longest and about same length as longest spine. Pectorals about
If times length of head, reach to vertical of last soft ray of anal ;
the single appendage reaches nearly to vent, and is almost the
length of the ventrals, which are about f length of head. Anal iii 7 ;
spines flexible, 3rd longest and about f length of adjacent ray, which
about equals the height of longest dorsal spine. Caudal rounded.
Scales cycloid.

Colour (of preserved specimen), white, a black spot between
1st and 2nd and 9th to 12th spines of dorsal, three cross-
bars over soft dorsal, and four on caudal, extremity of pectorals
black.

One specimen, 107 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter
Faure from off Umhlanga Eiver mouth, 2-J miles, in shrimp trawl-
depth 22 to 26 fms. Fine sand.

MINOUS SUPERCILIOSUS, n. sp.

Depth of body nearly 3 times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 2| times. Snout equals diameter of eye, which is
about 3 times in length of head ; interorbital width f diameter
of eye ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of orbits ;
preorbital very rugose, armed on each side with a strong sharp spine
nearly f diameter of eye in length, with a small one at its base ;
preoperculum with strong coarse teeth on lower margin and a strong
spine, the same length as preorbital one, at the angle ; temporal and
occipital ridges and border of orbits spinate and rugose ; interorbital
space with a deep longitudinal groove, the edges of which are
spinulose ; a long tentacle over each eye and about half its diameter
in length, 2 or 3 smaller tentacles on each side near the base of this
tentacle ; cleft of mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw projects and
has a fringe of small barbels underneath each mandible, the
posterior barbel on each side being longest and about -? diameter
of eye.

Dorsal xi 12 ; originates a little in front of vertical of end of
preopercular spine and extends to base of caudal, to which it is

178 Annals of the South African Museum.

joined by a membrane ; spines slender, membranes deeply cleft ;
1st spine minute, 2nd slightly curved backwards and about equal
with the succeeding, length a little over f length of head ; ends
of spine free, the lower parts, especially posteriorly, and the whole
of the soft rays enclosed in a skinny membrane. Pectorals almost
as long as head, broad, and reaching to the vertical of the base of
the 4th ray of dorsal ; a single free ray below the pectoral fin ^
of its length. Ventrals T 7 ^ length of head, last ray attached to
the body by a soft membrane. Anal ii 10 ; spines not well
developed and together with soft rays enclosed in a skinny mem-
brane, the tips of anterior rays free. Caudal slightly rounded.
Body naked.

Colour (of preserved specimen), about seven broad brown
bands run transversely across upper part of body ; a black patch
behind distal end of dorsal spines ; pectorals with many large
brown spots. The markings on this fish are very red when it is
alive.

One specimen, 81 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter
Faure in shrimp trawl, 26 frns., Amatikulu Conical Hill NW. 7^
miles.

FAMILY KUETID^.

PEMPHERIS MOLUCCA, C and V.

Depth of body slightly more than twice in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 4 times. Interorbital width If times in
diameter of eye, which is 2 times in length of head. Preoperculuin
with strong denticulations at angle.

Dorsal vi 9 ; spines weak, increasing in length to the last, which
is about the length of the head and about f the height of anterior
soft rays ; the soft portion of the fin decreases in height posteriorly.
Pectorals nearly as long as head. Ventrals about -| length of head,
spine moderately strong. Anal iii 41 ; spines weak, 1st and 2nd
small, 3rd about % length of anterior rays. Caudal (damaged in
specimen). Lateral line almost straight, running parallel and close
to dorsal fin in upper seventh of body. Lat. 1. 55.

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform whitish, with black mark
at top of soft dorsal.

One specimen, 145 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 17 ( J

FAMILY POLYNEMID^E.

POLYNEMUS SEXTAEIUS, Bl.

Teeth, villiform in jaws, and in a band on vomer and palatines.
Depth of body 3 to 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3f to 3f times. Snout |- to f diameter of eye, which is about
equal to the interorbital width and 3 to 3f times in length of head ;
height of head about f its length, width f its length. Snout pro-
duced beyond mouth, which is under eye, upper jaw overlaps lower,
maxillary extends about ^ diameter of eye behind posterior margin
of orbits and is about f length of head ; vertical margin of preoper
culum serrated, with a strong tooth above its rounded, produced, but
entire angle ; a short strong inconspicuous spine on shoulder at
commencement of lateral line.

Dorsal viii, i 12-13 ; spines weak and somewhat filamentous, 1st
spine of anterior dorsal minute, 3rd longest and about -*- length of head
those following rapidly decrease ; a series of small scales ascend
behind each spine. Anterior rays of soft dorsal about ^ higher than
longest spines of the 1st; upper edge of fin rather concave.
Pectorals 14 + vi., upper rays unbranched and f to f length of
head ; uppermost appendage longest and reaches to middle or tip
of ventrals, which are from ^ to f length of head. Anal iii 12-13 ;
base about same length as soft dorsal, to which it is similar but not
so high ; 1st spine minute, 3rd longest and about twice the height of
the 2nd and ^as high as adjacent ray. Caudal deeply forked, length
If to 1 times length of head; height of free portion of peduncle
about equals its length, which is i to nearly f length of head.
Lat. 1. 46-50, lat. tr. -V

Colour (of preserved specimens), yellowish white with minute
black dots over body and fins ; a large dark spot consisting of two
parallel serrated lines near commencement of the lateral line.

Fifteen specimens ; the largest, 135 mm. in length, from Mr.
Robinson, Natal ; the others, ranging in length from 70 mm. to
90 mm., caught by Pieter Faure (ss.) in shrimp trawl, in 24 fms.,
South Head Tugela Eiver N. by W. 4-J- miles.

POLYNEMUS T^NIATUS, Giinth.

Teeth, villiform, a small nearly oval patch on vomer, a cuneiform
band broadest anteriorly on palatines. Depth of body equals length

180 Annuls of tlie South African M/tscum.

of head, and is 3f times in total length, excluding caudal. Snout
nearly equals diameter of eye, which is 1| in interorbital width and
4^ times in length of head. Interorbital space convex ; eye covered
with an adipose membrane ; height of head equals f its length, width
about | its length ; snout obtuse, projecting much beyond mouth ;
cleft of mouth wide, upper jaw overlaps lower, maxillary extends
about ^ diameter of eye beyond the posterior margin of the orbit
and is about i length of head ; posterior margin of preoperculum
descends obliquely backwards in a slight curve and is serrated, the
angle produced into a rounded lobe.

Dorsal viii, i 13 ; origin of 1st dorsal about in line \vith 7th scale
of lateral line ; 1st spine minute, 3rd longest, and |- length of head,
4th longer than 2nd, and those following rapidly decrease in height ; a
series of small scales ascend behind each spine, and the length of the
base of the fin equals -\ its height. The distance between the two
dorsal fins is greater than the base of the 2nd, which is entirely covered
with scales and has its upper margin crescentic ; the soft dorsal is
rather higher anteriorly than the first dorsal and than the anal, and
the space between it and the caudal is less than J the total length of the
body excluding caudal. Pectorals 16 + v. ; rays unbranched, f length
of head, and base of fin covered with small scales ; the uppermost of
the 5 appendages is the longest, nearly the length of the head and
almost reaching to the tips of the ventrals. The root of the
ventrals is in the vertical of llth scale of lateral line, their length
is f that of the head, and the spine is about i length of adjacent ray.
Anal ii 11 ; origin falls in vertical of 6th soft ray of dorsal; only one
spine is visible, which is a little more than -- the length of adjacent
ray ; the fin is similar to the soft dorsal. Caudal deeply forked,
with pointed lobes slightly filamentous, covered with scales and li
times length of head ; the least depth of free portion of peduncle
equals -| length of head. Scales ciliated on posterior margin and
free portion covered with minute spines. Lat. 1. 65, almost straight,
and extends slightly over lower lobe of caudal, where it bends
obliquely downwards. Lat. tr. -J^.

Colour (of preserved specimen), yellowish, with brown longi-
tudinal lines running along body more distinct above lateral line
than below; fins more or less dotted with black specks.

One specimen, 199 mm. in length, from Natal.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Co.ist of Nntid. 181

FAMILY SCLENID.E.

UMBBINA STRIATA, n. sp.

Depth of body, 2|- times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3| times. Snout about H times diameter of eye, which is
1 times in interorbital width, and nearly 4f times in length of
head. Preoperculurn with posterior margin slightly crenellated,
with two coarse denticulations at the angle, which is slightly
rounded ; operculurn with a flat weak spine ; snout obtuse, pro-
jecting beyond mouth, upper jaw overlaps lower; maxillary reaches
to vertical of middle of orbits ; barbel on chin small, about J
diameter of eye in length with 2 open pores at the base on either
side.

Dorsal x, i 27 ; spines weak and flexible, 3rd and 4th about
equal, a little over i length of head ; longest soft rays f length of
longest spines. Pectorals nearly f length of head. Ventrals f
length of head. Anal ii 7 ; 2nd spine strong, about 2| times in
length of head, -*- length of longest soft ray and | length of longest
dorsal spine. Caudal truncate. Scales ciliated, except those on
snout and below eyes, which are cycloid; lat. 1. 49, lat. tr. T 7 Lr .

Colour (of preserved specimen), grey, with nine longitudinal dark
bands on upper three-fourths of body.

One specimen, 267 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

UMBKINA DUSSUMIERI, C. and V.

Depth of body 3^ to 3i} times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head about 3J times. Snout equals interorbital width and
is If to li times diameter of eye, which is 4| to 5 times in length
of head. Preoperculurn entire ; operculum with a soft spine ;
snout obtuse, overhangs mouth, upper lip overlaps lower, maxillary
reaches to vertical of anterior third of orbits ; distance from eye
to upper maxillary bone about equals diameter of orbit ; a short
barbel, about \ diameter of eye in length, below chin ;it symphysis
of lower jaw, with a row of 5 open pores in front of it.

Dorsal x, i 26 ; spines weak, 2nd or 2nd and 3rd longest and f
to \ length of head ; soft rays f to |- length of longest spines.
Pectorals T 7 ^ length of head. Ventrals -f length of head. Anal ii 7 ;
2nd spine moderately strong, about ^ length of head and f length of
longest soft ray. Caudal rounded. Scales cycloid ; lat. 1. 49,
lat. tr. _.

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

Three specimens, 180 mm., 182 mm., 146 mm. in length
respectively, procured by the ss. Pieter Faure in shrimp trawl ;
the first in 26 fms., Amatikulu Conical Hill NW. 7-i- miles, the
other two in 24 fms., South Head Tugela Eiver N. by W. 4
miles.

They differ slightly from U. dussumieri (Day) in the length
of the soft rays of the dorsal fin, the ventral fins also are shorter.

UMBRINA SINUATA, Day.

Depth of body 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3^ times. Snout equals interorbital width and is the same
length as diameter of eye, which is 3| times in length of head;
distance between eye and upper jaw equals f diameter of the orbit.
Snout obtuse, swollen, and overhanging jaws ; upper jaw over-
lapping the lower, maxillary reaching to vertical of middle of orbits ;
preoperculum serrated, coarsely at angle, which is rounded ; two
soft opercular spines ; shoulder flap serrated ; 3 pores in a
transverse line across base of snout ; a short barbel on chin at
symphysis of lower jaw, about J diameter of eye in length, with
2 open pores on either side.

Dorsal x, i 27 ; spines slender, 2nd and 3rd longest f length of
head and about same length as longest rays. Pectorals nearly f
length of head. Ventrals f- length of head, reach to vent. Anal
ii 7 ; 2nd spine moderately strong, a little over i length of head
and length of first soft ray ; the length of the base of the
fin not quite % that of the soft dorsal. Caudal wedge-shaped.
Scales ciliated, except on snout and below eyes, where they are
cycloid. Lateral line becomes straight above end of anal. Lat. 1. 48,
lat. tr. T 7 2 .

Colour (of preserved specimen), light brown, first dorsal and
ventrals and first part of soft dorsal dark brown.

One specimen, 80 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter
Faurc in shrimp trawl, 26 fms., Amatikulu Conical Hill NW.
7^- miles.

UMBRINA ROBINSONI, n. sp.

Depth of body 3^ 5 times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3f times. Snout If times diameter of eye, which is ly
times in interorbital width and 5 times in length of head. Snout
obtuse, swollen, and projecting beyond mouth, upper jaw longer
than lower, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of orbits ;
preoperculum distinctly denticulated along posterior margin and on

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 183

angle, which is rounded ; operculum with 2 flat spines ; distance
between eye and upper jaw equals diameter of the orbit ; barbel on
chin at synaphysis of lower jaw short, 1 diameter of eye in length and
with 2 open pores at its base on either side ; a row of 3 pores across
front of snout with a single pore above them in the centre.

Dorsal x, i 25 ; spines flexible, 1st very short, 4th longest,
slightly over twice the length of soft rays and -^ length of head.
Pectorals nearly f length of head, rays divided. Ventrals slightly
over f length of head. Anal ii 7 ; 2nd spine strong, 2^ times in
head and about f length of 1st soft ray, which is about the same
length as the longest dorsal spine. Caudal truncate. Scales
ciliated, except on snout and below eyes, where they are cycloid.
Lat. 1. 49, lat. tr. T 7 T .

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown, ventrals and anal
black, a series of faint lines almost straight run upwards and back-
wards from head to dorsal fin.

One specimen, 260 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

SCLENA PARVA, n. Sp.

Depth of body 3 to 3-1- times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3 to 3^ times. Snout slightly less than interorbital
space and 1 to 1J times diameter of eye, which is 4 to 4^ times
in length of head. Preoperculum finely serrated, with a coarse tooth
at the angle, which is rounded, the spine is continued as a strong
ridge on the preoperculum ; operculum with 2 weak flat spines ;
distance from eye to upper jaw equals f diameter of eye ; snout
obtuse and rounded, upper jaw overlapping lower, cleft of mouth
slightly oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior third of
eye ; a row of 5 open pores under the symphysis of lower jaw.

Dorsal x, i 27-31 ; spines weak, 2nd or 2nd and 3rd longest,
| length of head ; soft rays about the same height as longest spines.
Pectorals about f length of head ; ventrals about same length, the
1st ray being produced. Anal ii 7 ; 2nd spine moderately strong,
about ] length of head and f to f the length of longest soft rays,
which are slightly longer than the longest soft rays of the dorsal.
Caudal wedge-shaped, the middle rays longest. Scales ciliated
on body, cycloid on snout and below eyes. Tubes of lateral line
branched posteriorly. Lat. 1. 47, lat. tr. f.

Three specimens, 93 mm., Ill mm., 126 mm. in length respec-
tively, the last being a female with large well-developed ovaries
(eggs '4 mm. in diameter) : procured by the ss. Pieter Faure in

184 Annals of tlic South African Museum.

shrimp trawl, 24 fms., South Head Tugela Eiver N. by W.
4^ miles.

OTOLITHUS RUBER, Schneid.

Teeth, a single curved canine at symphysis of lower jaw, one on
each side of symphysis of upper jaw. Depth of body slightly over
4^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head nearly
3^ times. Snout a little longer than interorbital width and slightly
over 1^ times diameter of eye, which is 6 times in length of head.
Cleft of mouth rather oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical of
middle of orbits; lower jaw projects slightly beyond upper;
distance from eye to upper edge of maxillary bone equals |
diameter of orbit ; preoperculum serrated, more coarsely at angle ;
operculum with 2 soft spines.

Dorsal ix, i 28 ; spines weak and flexible, slightly filamentous ;
2nd longest, -^ length of head. Pectorals over f length of head.
Ventrals ^ length of head. Anal ii 7 ; 1st spine minute, 2nd
weak, about i length of head and i length of soft rays. Caudal
slightly rounded. Scales cycloid; lat. 1. 50, tubes arborescent,
lat. tr. f^-.

One specimen, 270 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter
Faurc by shrimp trawl, 26 fms., Amatikulu Conical Hill NW.
74 miles.

Five smaller specimens, ranging from 142 mrn. to 178 mm.
in length, procured by the ss. Pieter Faurc by shrimp trawl,
12-14 fms., off South Head of Tugela Eiver, appear to belong
to this species. They differ in having the caudal distinctly wedge-
shaped, the middle ray being longest ; the scales are ciliated ;
and the canine on each upper jaw is sometimes double some-
times that on the right and sometimes that on the left.

FAMILY ACANTHUKIML

ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS, L.

Teeth, 7 to 8 lobate incisors on either side of upper jaw, and
9 on each side of lower jaw. Depth of body If to 2 times in
total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to 34- times.
Snout 3 to 3^ times diameter of eye, which is If to l T 7 y times
in interorbital width and 4^- to 5 times in length of head. Snout
slightly concave, a slight protuberance over eyes.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 185

Dorsal viii-ix 22-23 ; spines moderately strong, subequal
from the 4th or 5th and ahout i length of head; the longest
spine is about the length of the longest soft rays, sometimes
slightly longer or shorter. Pectorals l y times in length of head.
Ventrals length of head. Anal iii 20 ; spines strong ; 3rd
longest, nearly the length of the longest dorsal spines and
slightly shorter than the anal rays. Caudal emarginate. Spine
short, about i diameter of eye. Scales cycloid and rudimentary
on head, and ctenoid on body.

Colour (of preserved specimens), brown, with six transverse
black bands the first goes through eyes, the second from 1st
spine, and the last consisting of a band over the caudal peduncle
and on each side with a gap in the middle. A fainter sinuous
dark band passes along the ventral aspect of the body on each
side not present, however, in the small specimen.

Four specimens, 165 mm., 140 mm., 135 mm. and 47 mm.
in length respectively, the first three from Durban Museum,
the last an immature specimen from Mr. Robinson, Natal,
who states it is found among rocks.

ACANTHUEUS MATOiDES, C. and V.
(Surgeon.)

Teeth, 8 lobate incisors on either side of upper jaw, and 8 or
9 on either side of lower jaw. Depth of body twice in total length
excluding caudal, length of head nearly 4 times. Snout 3f times
diameter of eye, which is If times in interorbital width and 5-g-
times in length of head. Profile from snout to orbit distinctly
convex ; distance from anterior nostril to front edge of upper
jaw nearly - length of head and equals distance from eye to
angle of mouth ; opercle striated ; cleft of mouth small.

Dorsal ix 26 ; spines of moderate strength ; 1st spine concealed,
remainder subequal from 5th and not quite as high as soft rays,
about n length of head. Pectorals nearly as long as the head.
Ventrals nearly -*- length of head. Anal iii 25 ; spines strong ;
3rd longest, over -f length of head and nearly f height of longest
dorsal spine ; soft rays rather shorter than those of soft dorsal.
Caudal deeply emarginate, outer rays elongated, causing the fin
to be deeply lunated in its last half. Spine 1^ times diameter
of eye. Free portion of caudal at its lowest part about 2J times
diameter of eye or slightly more than f length of head. Scales
ctenoid on body, rudimentary and cycloid on head and shoulders.

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown, a tinge of yellow
on margin of pectorals and a faint tinge on margin of caudal.

One specimen, 329 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal,
taken off Durban Breakwater.

A second and smaller specimen, 149 mm. in length, from the
Durban Museum seems to be an immature form of the above.
It differs from it in the following respects : Snout 2f times
diameter of eye, which is 1^ times in interorbital width and 4 times
in length of head. Snout slightly concave ; distance from anterior
nostril to front edge of upper jaw f length of head and equals
distance from eye to angle of mouth. Dorsal ix 25. Pectorals
as long as head, ventrals slightly shorter. Anal iii 24. Free
portion of tail at lowest part about 1-^ times diameter of eye. Spine
equals diameter of eye. Scales ctenoid on body and head.

FAMILY CAEANGID^.

CHORINEMUS SANCTI-PETRI, C. and V.
(Five-fingers.)

Teeth, in 2 rows on lower jaw; 2 rows in upper jaw, becoming
single in last fifth of upper jaw : teeth on vomer in triangular patch ;
on palate in a broad, elongate band ; and on tongue. Depth of body
3f times in total length excluding caudal, 4^ times including caudal ;
length of head 5 times. Snout If times diameter of eye, which is
nearly twice in interorbital width and over 5i times in length of
head. Profile behind orbits slightly concave ; cleft of mouth deep
and slightly oblique, maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior margin
of orbits, lower jaw longer than upper.

Dorsal vi, i 20 ; spines flattened, laterally expanded into a
lanceolate form, each spine does not extend to the base of the one
next it. Second dorsal commences about midway between caudal
and snout ; its first portion elevated, nearly f length of head, about
^ height of body, and -^o longer than anterior anal rays ; the last
9 rays are semi-detached, the last ray a little elongated. Pectorals
nearly f length of head. Ventrals nearly ~ length of head. Anal ii,
i 18, resembles soft dorsal ; detached spines moderately strong,
2nd spine longest and about ^ height of anterior soft rays. Caudal
deeply forked. Scales lanceolate and pointed in their exposed
portions, behind which they end in a narrow peduncle about the

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 187

entire length. Lateral line almost straight on posterior half of body,
rising to a slight angle about in line with 3rd spine of 1st dorsal fin,
and wavy anteriorly.

Colour (of preserved specimen), bluish-gray above lateral line,
white below, an indistinct row of rounded dark spots 8 or 9 in
number above lateral line and a row of about 4 larger dark blotches
below lateral line between pectorals and anal, soft dorsal black
anteriorly.

One specimen, 358 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.
This fish differs from C. sancti-petri described by authors in the
teeth and the few spines of dorsal, and may be a new species ; but
only one specimen was available for examination, and these features
may not be constant.

TKACHYNOTUS OBLONGUS, C. and V.

Depth of body about 2f times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3^ to 3f times. Snout slightly longer than diameter
of eye, which is 1^ to If times in interorbital width and about 4 to
4i times in length of head. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about
equally convex ; snout obtuse ; maxillary reaches to vertical of middle
of orbits ; central longitudinal line on head distinctly marked.

Dorsal vii, i 23 ; spines of moderate strength ; anterior rays of
2ml dorsal prolonged, nearly the length of the head and about f- the
base of the fin, if laid back they reach to behind the middle of the
fin. Pectorals about \ length of head. Ventrals about \ length of
head, and reach to vent. Anal ii, i 20 ; first rays produced similar
to soft dorsal and about same height. Caudal deeply forked, central
rays 3i times in the longest outer ones. Scales cycloid, small and
in irregular rows ; lateral line nearly straight, curving slightly and
wavy anteriorly.

Colour (of preserved specimens), three or four dark blotches above
lateral line, first rays of dorsal and anal dark.

Three specimens, 153 mm., 159 mm., 152 mm. in length respec-
tively. The first from Durban Museum ; the other two procured
from fishermen at Natal, caught in seine net on beach of Inner
Harbour, Durban.

TRACHYNOTUS OVATUS, L.

Depth of body 2f times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3^ times. Snout about 1^ times diameter of eye, which is
about half the interorbital width and nearly 4^ times in length of
head. Snout very obtuse and projects beyond mouth ; upper lip

188 Annals of the South African Museum.

slightly longer than lower, cleft of mouth slightly oblique, maxillary
reaches almost to vertical of middle of orbits ; eyes in lower half of
head; the profile of head from dorsal fin to snout rounded.

Dorsal vi, i 23 ; spines of 1st dorsal very short ; anterior ray of
soft dorsal highest, f length of head and nearly ^ height of body,
when laid back reaching beyond centre of fin, the last 17 rays
parallel with curve of back. Pectorals, upper rays longest, over
-| length of head. Ventrals nearly | length of head. Anal ii, i 20 ;
similar to soft dorsal, but anterior rays only the height ; last
15 rays parallel with abdominal curve. Caudal forked (damaged in
specimen). Lateral line ascends slightly anteriorly, then curves
irregularly downwards to opposite the base of the 10th or llth ray
of soft dorsal and thence proceeds straight to caudal. Scales
cycloid.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark above, white below.

One specimen, 258 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

PLATAX TEIRA, Forsk.

Depth of body slightly over total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3f times in total length excluding caudal. Snout equals
interorbital width and is about 1^ times diameter of eye, which is
3^ times in length of head. Profile of head and snout very obtuse ;
cleft of mouth small, maxillary scarcely reaches to anterior margin
of eye ; greatest depth of preorbital equals ~ diameter of eye ; angle
of preoperculum rounded and entire.

Dorsal v 31 ; anterior soft rays very prolonged, equal the total
length of the body including caudal. Pectorals f length of head.
Ventrals, upper rays prolonged, equal f- length of body without
caudal or 2f times length of head. Anal iii 24 ; similar to soft
dorsal, but rays not so prolonged, about height of longest soft
ray of dorsal. Caudal with central rays slightly prolonged, making
posterior end of fin slightly concave in either half. Scales ctenoid ;
lat. 1. 62, irregularly curved.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark with three faint black bands
across head and body ; ventrals black.

One specimen, 126 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

EQUULA EDENTULA, Bl.
(Slimy.)

Teeth, a single row of villiform teeth on upper jaw, a narrow
band on lower. Depth of body If times to twice in total length

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 189

excluding caudal, length of head 3^ times. Snout equals interorbital
width and is slightly greater than diameter of eye, which is about
3f times in length of head. Dorsal profile more convex than
abdominal ; a concavity over the occiput ; interorbital cavity nearly
twice as long as wide ; a pair of small spines above anterior upper
angle of each orbit, the distance between their outer edges being
2f times in length of head ; cleft of mouth small, lips thick, the
upper very slightly projecting over lower, maxillary reaches to
vertical of anterior third of orbits ; lower edge of preoperculum
nearly straight and finely serrated.

Dorsal viii 15-16 ; spines weak and flexible ; 2nd spine longest,
-f to -| length of head ; 3rd and 4th spines sometimes serrated
anteriorly. Pectorals about f length of head. Ventrals about
-S- length of head and with a long lanceolate scale with a hard rib
next to the spine, which is strong. Anal iii 14, spines moderately
strong ; 2nd spine strongest and longest, about ^ length of head.
Caudal forked, free portion of tail about as high as long. Scales
covering body but absent on chest. Lateral line curves rather
irregularly, 62-65 tubes, ceases immediately before base of caudal.

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform brown.

Two specimens, 156 mm., 157 mm. in length respectively, the
former from Mr. Robinson, Natal, the latter procured by the
ss. Pieter Faure from the Inner Harbour, Durban.

GAZZA ^QUULZEFOBMIS, Eupp.

Teeth, a row of small sharp-pointed teeth on upper jaw, with a large
slightly curved canine on each side of symphysis ; a row of curved
pointed teeth on lower jaw getting larger anteriorly, those at the
symphysis being very small. Depth of body 2J to 2^- times in
total length excluding caudal, length of head nearly 3^ times.
Snout equals the interorbital width and is slightly less than
diameter of eye, which is about 3 times in length of head.
Supra-orbital ridge feebly serrated ; two small spines above the
anterior third of eye, the distance between them being about
J length of head ; preoperculum with lower margin serrated and
angle rounded ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin of
orbits ; mouth very protractile.

Dorsal viii 15 ; originates behind base of pectorals, spines weak ;
1st spine minute, 2nd longest, f length of head. Pectorals T 3 ^ length
of head. Ventrals from ^ to nearly ^ length of head. Anal iii 14 ;
2nd spine longest, over f length of head and nearly f length of and

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

slightly stronger than longest dorsal spine. Caudal forked. The
lateral line appears to cease on the right side near end of soft dorsal,
on the left it is continued to caudal, and consists of about 56 tubes.

Colour (of preserved specimen), grey above silvery below, a
series of irregular dark lines between back and lateral line, fine
black dots over head and body.

Two specimens, 122 mm. and 135 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

FAMILY SCOMBRID^.

SCOMBER BRACHYSOMA, Bleek.
(Mackerel.)

Depth of body 3| times in total length excluding caudal, 3f times
with caudal ; length of head 3f times. Snout slightly longer than
diameter of eye, which is about -| less than interorbital width and
3| times in length of head. Eye with a broad anterior and posterior
adipose lid; cleft of mouth deep, lower jaw slightly longer than
upper, maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior third of orbits ;
greatest depth of preorbital -f- diameter of eye, length \ length of
head, concealing maxillary bone ; interorbital space flat.

Dorsal x, i 11, v; spines weak, 2nd spine longest, nearly f length
of head or about \ depth of body ; distance between the two dorsal
fins equals about \ length of base of soft fin ; finlets are just behind
the soft dorsal, and opposite and similar to those of anal. Pectorals
short, about \ length of head. Ventrals f length of head. Anal
i 11, v ; about same height and length as 2nd dorsal fin. Caudal
deeply forked. Scales cycloid ; 2nd dorsal and anal covered with
minute oblong scales. Lat.-l. ca. 146, Lat. tr. |.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark above, silvery below.

One specimen, 201 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

FAMILY URANOSCOPID.E.

UBANOSCOPUS OCCIDENTALS, Agass.

Teeth, in villiform bands on jaws, vomer and palatines, with two
strong rather widely separated larger teeth posteriorly on lower jaw.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 191

Depth of body nearly 3f times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3 times ; greatest width of head slightly greater
than its length. Snout diameter of eye, which equals interorbital
width and is 4J times in length of head. Eyes situated at upper
surface of head and far forward ; cleft of mouth nearly vertical,
lower lip with papillae, lower jaw projects ; anterior nostril with a
flap ; preoperculum with 4 or 5 spines on lower limb ; preorbital
with 2 strong spines ; 2 spines on scapula ; a long strong spine on
humerus 1^ times diameter of eye in length ; 2 bony projections or
blunt spines on occiput ; posterior edge of membrane of opercle
fringed ; a sharp spine, pointing forward, on each side of isthmus
anteriorly.

Dorsal iv 13 ; spines very weak and flexible, about J length of
head ; longest soft rays 1^ times height of spines, remainder
decreasing posteriorly. Pectorals f, ventrals -| length of head.
Anal 13 ; rays lower anteriorly and lengthening posteriorly to about
height of longest rays of soft dorsal. Caudal f length of head,
slightly rounded. Lateral line curves slightly upwards from
shoulder to extremity of spinous dorsal and continues close to
base of soft dorsal for the rest of its length. Scales on head and
fore part of body embedded in skin, on remainder of body in
diagonal rows.

Colour (of preserved specimen), yellowish brown, spinous dorsal
black.

One specimen, 122 mm. in length, caught by the ss. Pieter Faure
in shrimp trawl, 46-55 frns., mud and sand, Tugela Eiver mouth
N. by W. 18 miles.

FAMILY TRACHINID^S.

PBECIS NEBULOSA, C. and V.
(Sand Smelt.)

Teeth, an anterior row of about a dozen enlarged and slightly
curved teeth on upper jaw, and about 8 strong recurved teeth
anteriorly on lower jaw, with some enlarged lateral teeth on
mandibles ; a curved row of rounded teeth on vomer. Depth of
body 6f times in total length excluding caudal, length of head
3~ times. Snout about 2^- times greatest diameter of eye, which is
slightly less than interorbital width and a little over 5^ times in
length of head. Head flat, its height nearly -J- its length, and its

192 Annals of the South African. Museum.

greatest width nearly its length ; snout depressed, lower jaw
slightly longer, maxillary reaches almost to vertical of anterior
margin of orbits ; greatest depth of preorbital nearly 1J times
diameter of eye ; preoperculum entire, suboperculum with 2 or 3
serrations, operculum with a well-defined spine.

Dorsal v 22 ; spines strong, 3rd and 4th equal about 1^ times
diameter of eye and nearly J length of head ; soft rays about twice
diameter of eye and nearly \ length of head, membranes deeply
incised. Pectorals rather truncate, shorter than ventrals and
nearly f length of head. Anal i 18 ; soft rays a little longer than
those of soft dorsal ; membranes deeply incised. Caudal truncate
or very slightly rounded, the outer rays above and below a little
prolonged. Scales, 5 rows between lateral line and base of 1st
dorsal ; lat. 1. 77, lat. tr. ^.

Colour (of preserved specimen), grey, dorsally with about 8 bands
of the same colour, ventrally an indistinct broad white band from
pectorals to caudal, and a black spot on upper part of base of
caudal.

One specimen, 220 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

SlLLAGO SIHAMA, Forsk.

(Smelt.)

Teeth, villiform bands on both jaws ; a semicircular band on
vorner. Depth of body 5| to 6 times in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 3^- to 3?- times. Snout twice the diameter of
the eye, which equals the interorbital width and is 4 to 4|- times in
length of head. Snout pointed ; greatest width of head about equals
its height and is ^ its length ; upper jaw slightly longer and overlaps
the lower ; cleft of mouth small ; vertical limb of preoperculum
finely serrated ; operculum with a well-developed spine.

Dorsal xi, i 21 ; spines of anterior dorsal weak and flexible,
2nd and 3rd spines subequal and -^ height of body below them ;
2nd dorsal highest anteriorly, where it equals about -f- height of
body. Pectorals ^ to length of head, and slightly longer than
ventrals. Anal ii 23-24 ; below and similar to soft dorsal, but not
quite so high. Caudal emarginate. Scales, 5^ to 6 rows between
lateral line and last spine of anterior dorsal. Lat. 1. 70, lat. tr. 4 ^ 5 .

Colour (of preserved specimens), greenish grey.

Two specimens, 140 mm., 142 mm. in length respectively,
procured by the ss. Pieter Faure in shrimp trawl, 1 to 3J fms. sand
and shells, in Bluff Channel, Durban Bay. The fish occurs
abundantly in Durban Harbour, and is known as the "Smelt."

Desertions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 193

SILLAGO CHONDROPUS, Bleek.

Teeth, villiform in both jaws, a broad band on vomer. Depth of
body nearly 6 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head
4 times. Snout 3 times diameter of eye, which is 1J times in inter-
orbital width and 7 times in length of head. Head depressed, profile
in an almost straight line from nape to snout ; preoperculum finely
serrated ; operculurn with a strong flat spine ; cleft of mouth small,
maxillary scarcely reaches vertical of anterior nostril ; greatest
width of head about - its length, greatest depth a little less than
half; a deep open pore below symphysis of lower jaw.

Dorsal xi, i 20 ; spines of 1st dorsal flexible, the 2nd and 3rd
spines being subequal a little over ^ length of head and about the
height of the body below them ; 2nd dorsal is higher anteriorly,
T 7 -o the height of longest spine of 1st dorsal. Pectorals a little more
than 4 length of head, covered with scales on their lower half.
Ventrals ^ length of head, the spine shortened and thickened into a
falciform club y 7 ^ the length of the longest ray. Anal i 23 ; similar
to soft dorsal but not so high. Caudal (damaged in specimen)
covered with scales on lower half. Scales in regular horizontal rows,
extending over cheeks, below eyes as far forward as the anterior
nostril, and on dorsal and anal fins. Lateral line descends very
gently to posterior third of body. Lat. 1. 70, lat. tr. T V

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform grey.

One specimen, 300 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

FAMILY COTTIDJE.

PLATYCEPHALUS SCABER, Gtinth.

Teeth, a narrow band on upper jaw, broadened at symphysis, a
single series laterally on lower jaw merging into about 3 rows at
symphysis ; two small patches on vomer, an elongated band on each
palatine. Depth of body 64- times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 2 T 7 ^ times. Snout equals diameter of eye, which is
2f times interorbital width and 3 T 7 o times in length of head. Inter-
orbital space concave ; greatest width of head f its length, greatest
height a little over f length, head and snout depressed ; width of
mouth about 24- times its depth, maxillary reaches vertical of anterior
third of orbits ; 2 or 3 strong spines at anterior upper margin of
orbits ; supraorbital margin serrated, from it a spinate ridge extends

13

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

to occiput ; a similar ridge ending in two spines at the beginning of
the lateral line goes from posterior margin of eye to shoulder ; a
ridge proceeds from upper anterior edge of preorbital to angle of
preoperculum ending in a strong spine diameter of eye in length
with 2 small ones below it ; lower anterior margin of preorbital with
3 spines ; a bony ridge round nostrils ; 2 opercular spines ; eyes
large and placed almost on upper surface of head.

Dorsal i, vii 12 ; spines of 1st dorsal moderately strong, the 2nd
and 3rd spines about equal and slightly over f length of head ;
2nd dorsal about the same height. Pectorals 21 ; ^ length of head.
Ventrals yV length of head, reaching to in line with 5th anal ray.
Anal 12 ; commences slightly behind the vertical of 1st ray of soft
dorsal ; rays about f length of longest spines of dorsal. Caudal
truncate, about -J length of head. Scales, 3 rows between lateral
line and base of dorsal. Lateral line with 55 strong double spines
directed backwards extending along its entire length.

Colour (of preserved specimen), white ; the fins, especially the
1st dorsal, blackish.

One specimen, 134 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter
Faure in shrimp trawl W. of Umhlangu River, Cape Natal
lighthouse SW. 1 W. 8 miles.

PLATYCEPHALUS INSIDIATOB, Forsk.

Depth of body 8f times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head a little more than 3i times. Snout 2|- times diameter of eye,
which is 1|- times in interorbital width and a little more than 7^ times
in length of head. Head strongly depressed ; the upper surface
being of triangular shape, the base being a line drawn from one
preopercular spine to its fellow, and the width of base f length of
head ; the ridges on the head are scarcely prominent. Lower jaw
longer than upper, maxillary reaches to vertical of middle of orbits ;
eyes superior, interorbital space slightly concave ; two ridges
extending backwards from each eye, the inner dividing at the
occiput, the outer ridge ending at the shoulder in two blade-like
spines ; a low blunt spine in front of each eye close to posterior
nostril ; preorbital with three ridges starting in a stellate form from
a common centre ; preoperculum with most of its surface forming
a portion of the flattened upper plane of the head, with 2 strong
spines at its angle, the lower of which is most developed and f
diameter of eye in length ; operculum with 2 inconspicuous spines.

Dorsal i, vii 14 ; a small stout spine before the spinous dorsal, of
which latter the spines are weak, the 1st spine longest and nearly

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 195

|- length of head, the succeeding spines shortening posteriorly ;
anterior rays of soft dorsal about same height as the longest spine,
membranes very emarginate. Pectorals a little over -J- length of
head. Ventrals f length of head and reach to origin of anal. Anal
13 ; rays about same height as longest spine of dorsal ; membranes
of anterior rays very emarginate, leaving more than half the ray free,
and posteriorly each ray seems to be free for its whole length.
Caudal same length as pectorals, slightly rounded.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown above, light below ;
upper lobe of caudal with two oblique dark bands, lower lobe with one.

One specimen, 323 mm. in length, from Durban.

This is apparently a young fish, differing in some respects from
Day's description of P. insidiator, but on the whole apparently
belongs to that species.

FAMILY S

SPHYR^NA JELLO, C. and V.

Teeth, a series of long isolated canines on upper jaw, a series of
smaller ones on lower with a large canine at symphysis. Depth of
body a little over 6f times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head nearly 3|- times. Distance from eye to point of snout nearly
3 times diameter of eye, which is l T 3 o times in interorbital width and
6 1 times in length of head ; height of head nearly ?- its length, width
over J its length. Interorbital space slightly concave ; snout long
and pointed ; cleft of mouth wide, lower jaw longer than upper and
with a fleshy tubercle at end of symphysis, maxillary reaches to
vertical of anterior margin of orbits ; angle of preoperculum obliquely
rounded ; operculum with two points.

Dorsal v 19 ; first dorsal commences a little behind vertical of
origin of ventrals, at a distance from posterior margin of orbits equal
to the space between its last spine and the origin of the soft dorsal ;
1st spine longest, T 3 y length of head, remaining spines shortening
successively to about |- the height of the first. Anterior soft rays of
2nd dorsal nearly f length of head, emarginate. Pectorals 14,
-J length of head. Ventrals ^ length of head. Anal i 9 ; com-
mences behind vertical of origin of soft dorsal, about same height
but the base not so long. Caudal f- length of head, forked, outer
rays produced into a filament. Depth of body about the same from

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

head to origin of anal, thickness a little over i depth. Scales small;
lateral line tubes distinct, 120.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark grey above lateral line, white
below.

A single specimen, 425 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

FAMILY GLYPHIDODONTHXE.

GLYPHIDODON CCELESTINUS, Soland.
(Isibubu lungwana.)

Teeth, in a single row on each jaw, crowns notched. Depth of
body It- to 2 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head
3^ to 3f times. Snout equal to or slightly less than diameter of eye,
which is about l-- to 1^ times in interorbital width and 3-|- to 3^-
times in length of head. Greatest width of preorbital f to f diameter
of eye, suborbital ring narrow ; maxillary reaches scarcely to vertical
of anterior margin of orbits ; angle of preoperculum rounded and
roughened or slightly serrated ; a spine on opercle ; profile from
eyes to origin of dorsal convex ; cleft of mouth small, oblique.

Dorsal xiii 13 ; spines strong, 4th to 6th longest and about
-!?- length of head ; soft portion of fin pointed, 4th and 5th rays
longest and li times to twice as high as longest spines. Pectorals
from a little more than 1 to 14- times length of head, and about the
same length as or slightly longer than ventrals, which reach to the
origin of the anal, the first ray being prolonged. Anal ii 12 ; 2nd
spine strong and slightly longer than longest spines of dorsal ; soft
portion of fin similar to and about the same height as soft dorsal.
Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly longer than lower, 1^- to If
length of head. Scales extend over head to front margin of the eyes.

Lat. 1. 30, lat. tr. ^ 2 .

Colour (of preserved specimens), grey, with five transverse bars;
a dark spot on base of pectorals.

Two specimens, 108 mm. and 120 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

GLYPHIDODON SOKDIDUS, Forsk.

Teeth, a single row on each jaw, crowns notched. Depth of body
If to 1* times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 to

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 197

3 times. Snout slightly less than interorbital width and ^ to ^
greater than diameter of eye, which is 3J to 3f times in length of
head. Greatest width of preorbital f to f diameter of eye, sub-
orbitals about % as wide ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior
nostril ; a spine on opercle ; profile from snout to dorsal fin ascends
abruptly.

Dorsal xiii 15; 5th to 7th spines longest and from ^ to f length
of head ; soft portion of fin higher than long, the middle rays about
f length of head. Pectorals a little longer than head, ventrals
slightly shorter. Anal ii 15-16 ; 2nd spine strong and about same
length as longest spine of dorsal ; soft portion of fin similar to and
about the same height as soft dorsal. Caudal forked, nearly equals
length of head. Lat. 1. 28, interrupted ; lat. tr. ^^ 2 .

Colour (of preserved specimens), dark grey ; faint transverse bands
on body, fins of darker colour except pectorals, tips of soft dorsal and
anal light, a spot at base of pectorals and a larger one on body at
junction of soft dorsal and caudal peduncle, a row of dark spots
across nape ; some specimens are without these markings.

Three specimens, 78 mm., 85 mm., 99 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Eobinson, Natal ; frequents rock-pools.

FAMILY LABRID^E.

COSSYPHUS NIGEOMACULATUS, n. Sp.

A posterior canine tooth present. Depth of body nearly 2 times
in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout
nearly twice diameter of eye, which is 1|- times in interorbital width
and slightly more than 5 times in length of head. Upper profile of
head almost straight, snout pointed ; eyes placed rather high up,
interorbital space convex ; cleft of mouth slightly oblique, jaws
equal, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin of orbits ;
preoperculum minutely serrated at its rounded angle.

Dorsal xii 10 ; 2nd spine longest, about T 3 ^ length of head ; soft
portion of fin higher than spinous, rays lower anteriorly, rising to
about | length of head. Pectorals a little more than f length of
head. Ventrals with first two rays produced, about ~ length of head
and reaching to origin of anal. Anal iii 12 ; spines weak, soft
portion of fin similar to soft dorsal. Caudal emarginate, outer rays

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

produced and nearly as long as head. Lat. 1. 33, lat. tr. T 7 3 ; seven
series of scales between lateral line and base of dorsal.

Colour (of preserved specimen), greyish pink, a large black spot
between lateral line and soft dorsal extending on to base of fin ;
spinous dorsal black ; a black spot on distal anterior edge of
pectorals ; scales on posterior half of body covered with minute
dark specks.

One specimen, 240 mm. in length, procured from line-fishermen
at Durban ; caught outside of harbour.

JULIS UMBROSTIGMA, Eiipp.

(Parrot-fish.)

No posterior canine. Depth of body 3 times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head nearly 3f times. Snout more than
2f times diameter of eye, which is a little less than -| interorbital
width and 7|- times in length of head. Cleft of mouth slightly
oblique, jaws equal, maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior nostril.

Dorsal viii 13 ; commences above base of pectorals, spines weak.
Pectorals 16, nearly f length of head. Ventrals f length of head.
Anal ii 11. Caudal same length as pectorals, sub-truncate. Scales
on body comparatively large, cycloid. Lateral line tubes branched,
curve very flat, running in a straight line from head to posterior
third of soft dorsal before it descends. Lat. 1. 27, lat. tr. -^.

Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, with green and red longi-
tudinal stripes on body ; dark bands radiate from the orbits to middle
of operculum.

One specimen, 222 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal, who
says that the fish is known on the Natal coast as the Parrot-fish,
and is caught amongst rocks.

JULIS LUNARIS, L.

Depth of body 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 4 times. Snout twice diameter of eye, which is If times in
interorbital width and 5f times in length of head. Jaws equal,
maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior nostril ; infra-orbital ring
striated, and striae radiating from posterior margin of eye backwards
to operculum and upwards to nape.

Dorsal viii 13 ; spines weak, low and gradually lengthening
slightly ; soft rays progressively lengthening a little. Pectorals f
and ventrals f length of head. Anal ii 11 ; similar to soft dorsal.
Caudal lunate, outer lobes much produced and If times length of

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 199

head ; a row of oblong scales at base. Scale large and striated ;
lat. 1. 25, lat. tr. f.

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform light yellowish brown,
head darker ; an oblong dark spot 011 pectorals.

One specimen, 152 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

JULIS TRILOBATA, Lacep.

No posterior canine. Depth of body about equals length of head
and is about 3f times in total length excluding caudal. Snout
3f times diameter of eye, which is 2J times in interorbital width and
9^ times in length of head. Cleft of mouth lateral, jaws equal,
maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior margin of eye.

Dorsal viii 13 ; spines weak and lower than soft rays ; the first
and the last soft rays are shorter, the middle rays subequal and a
little over T 3 ^ length of head. Pectorals 16 ; angular, upper rays
longest and f- length of head. Ventrals f length of head. Anal
iii 11 ; anteriorly about the same height as middle rays of soft
dorsal, decreasing slightly in length posteriorly. Caudal sub-trun-
cate, emarginate, i length of head, rays divided. Lat. 1. 28, lat.
tr. T 3 ^, tubes branched ; the curve of the lateral line is long and low,
running parallel to dorsal profile from the head to in line with base
of 9th ray of anal.

Colour (of preserved specimen), green, with a broad dark stripe
along upper part of body, a white stripe extending from operculum
to root of caudal along middle of body, a third white stripe at a low
level extending from root of caudal to pectorals ; a white stripe on
dorsal and anal.

One specimen, 245 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

CHEILIO INERMIS, Forsk.

Depth of body 6^ times in total length excluding caudal, length
of head 3^ times. Snout 3f times diameter of eye, which equals
interorbital width and is 8 times in length of head. Lower jaw
slightly longer than upper ; snout long and pointed ; interorbital
space slightly concave ; preoperculum slightly emarginate on each
side of the rounded angle.

Dorsal ix 13 ; spines weak, soft-rayed portion of fin slightly
higher than spinous and about J length of head. Pectorals i length
of head, rays divided. Ventrals 4 length of head. Anal iii 13 ;
similar to soft dorsal. Caudal nearly i length of head, slightly
rounded. Scales cycloid ; two rows below the eyes posteriorly, a

200 Annals of the South African Museum.

few on opercle. Lateral line tubes branching freely at posterior end.
Lat. 1. 47, lat. tr. ^.

Colour (of preserved specimen), uniform brown.

One specimen, 390 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

FAMILY GONORHYNCHID^E.

GONORHYNCHUS GREY:, Eichards.

Depth of body 10^ to 10f times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 4f times. Snout about twice diameter of eye, which
is a little less than interorbital width and 5 to 5J times in length of
head.

Dorsal 11 ; 1st ray short, about -f- length of 2nd, which is a little
more than -J length of head and nearly subequal with 3rd and 4th ;
succeeding rays decrease in height posteriorly. Pectorals r 7 ^ length
of head. Ventrals 9 ; about ^ length of head. Anal 9 ; similar to
dorsal but not so high. Caudal forked, ^ to f length of head.

Colour (of preserved specimens), pale brown, darker above than
below. Pectorals black with a white edge, dorsal, anal, and ventrals
with terminal portions black edged with white, caudal with black
centre ; scales speckled with minute red dots, especially above the
lateral line.

Two specimens, 180 mm. and 193 mm. in length respectively,
procured by the ss. Picter Fanre in shrimp trawl, 26 fms., mud
and sand, Amatikulu River mouth NW. -J N. 9^ miles.

FAMILY SCOMBEESOCID^.

TYLOSURUS CHORAM, Forsk.

No vomerine teeth ; asperities on tongue. Depth of body 16 times
in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3j times. Snout
6i- times diameter of eye, which is If times in interorbital width and
10^ times in length of head. Interorbital space broad and flat,
superciliary region striated ; maxillary reaches to vertical of anterior
margin of eye and concealed by preorbital ; lower jaw projects
beyond upper. Top of head with a flat bony plate over its entire
breadth and reaching through striated interorbital region to front of

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 201

eyes, where there is a transverse groove. Eyes large, situated on
upper margin of head and occupying two-thirds of its depth, their
diameter being between f and i of the length of postorbital portion
of the head.

Dorsal 23 ; situated in posterior third of body, commencing in line
with origin of anal and reaching nearly to caudal ; low, the anterior
rays about 1 length of head, the middle ones about ^ length of head,
the remainder shortening and again lengthening posteriorly to nearly
^ length of head and slightly filamentous. Pectorals -3- length of
head. Ventrals length of head, situated about midway between
anterior margin of eye and origin of caudal. Anal 21 ; anterior
rays nearly as high as longest rays of dorsal, posterior rays low.
Caudal forked, inferior lobe longest and a little more than ^ length
of head. Free portion of tail compressed and the lateral line forms
a keel on each side of it.

Colour (of preserved specimen), greenish above, silvery below.

The fish does not exactly correspond to the description of Bellone
(Tijlosurits) choram, Giiath., and resembles in some respects B.
annulata.

One specimen, 336 mm. in length, from Mr. Robinson, Natal.

FAMILY CLUPEID^.

ENGBAULIS VITKIKOSTRIS, n. sp.
(Glass-nose.)

Teeth, fine, a row on each jaw, two patches on vomer, a band on
palatines, and covering the tongue. Depth of body 3i to nearly 3f
times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 4^ times.
Snout - to !- diameter of eye, which equals or is slightly less than
interorbital width and is 4? r to 4f times in length of head. Eyes
subcutaneous ; snout obtuse and projects slightly beyond upper jaw ;
maxillary produced beyond gill-opening to a little beyond the base
of the pectorals ; opercle rather more than twice as high as broad ;
gill-rakers about ^ diameter of eye in length, 21-24 in horizontal
limb of outer branchial arch.

Dorsal i 12 ; commences nearly midway between base of caudal
and point of snout ; spine short and separate from soft rays.
Pectorals f to ^ length of head, reach to origin of ventrals, which are
very small, about ^ length of head. Anal 41 ; commences behind

202 Annals of the SoutJi African Museum.

vertical of last ray of dorsal. Caudal nearly as long as head, forked.
Scales moderately large, cycloid ; 16 scutes anterior to, 9 behind
base of ventrals.

Colour (of preserved specimens), silvery, shot with gold, back a
darker shade, venules on shoulder.

Three specimens, two 178 mm. each in length, from Mr. Eobinson,
Natal ; one 159 mm. in length, procured by Pieter Faure (ss.) from
Inner Harbour, Durban.

PELLONA NATALENSIS, n. sp.

Teeth on jaws, palate, vomer, and tongue. Depth of body 2f
times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3f times.
Snout nearly f diameter of eye, which is If times interorbital
width and 2f times in length of head. Ridges on occiput converge
very slightly posteriorly and meet anteriorly ; mouth opens on
superior side, lower jaw projects beyond upper ; maxillary reaches
to vertical of posterior nostril ; eyes large and situated high
up, occupying upper half of head. Dorsal profile almost straight,
abdominal profile convex.

Dorsal 17 ; situated about midway between point of snout and
base of caudal. Pectorals f length of head. Ventrals situated just
in front of vertical of origin of dorsal and very small, about | dia-
meter of eye in length. Anal 37; commences below posterior
margin of dorsal, length of base 2f times in total length of body
excluding caudal. Caudal forked, as long as the head. Scales, 16
scutes anterior to and 8 posterior to ventral fins.

One specimen, 140 mm. in length, procured by the ss. Pieter
Faure in shrimp trawl, 24 fms., mud, South Head Tugela River
N. by W. 4i miles.

FAMILY CHIKOCENTRID^.

CHIEOCENTRUS DORAB, Forsk.

Teeth, a pair of long, sharp, approximating canines near centre of
premaxillaries, the remainder of the teeth in the upper jaw sharp
and straight, becoming smaller posteriorly ; lower jaw with long,
sharp, laterally compressed, isolated teeth, the 1st short, rising to
3rd and 4th, and again becoming successively shorter posteriorly
and more and more directed backwards, the last forming an acute
angle with the jaw ; a few card-like teeth on palatine bones and

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 203

vomer, and fine teeth on tongue. Depth of body 6 T S D times in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 5-f- times. Snout about
1|- times diameter of eye, which is 4f times in length of head ;
interorbital width f diameter of eye. Upper lip terminating anteriorly
in a short pointed flap, lower jaw projecting strongly beyond upper,
and chin pronounced ; maxillary reaches to vertical of middle of
orbits ; interorbital space convex ; profile of head low and snout
somewhat pointed.

Dorsal 17 ; situated in posterior third of body above anal, rays
short and decreasing in length posteriorly. Pectorals f length of
head, with a long ossified appendage at base superiorly. Ventrals 7;
very short, about i length of head and commencing about midway
between point of snout and base of caudal. Anal 32 ; 2nd ray about
^ length of head, remainder shortening posteriorly. Abdomen with
short hair-like rays on its margin. Caudal deeply forked, Ii times
length of head. Lateral line indistinct.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark above, silvery below.

One specimen, 403 mm. in length, from Mr. Eobinson, Natal.

(204)

LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

FAMILY PEKCID.E.

PAGE

Aulacocephalus temminckii, Bleek ... ... ... ... ... 145

Grammistes sexlineatus, Thunb ... ... 145

Lutianus salmonoides, n. sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... 146

Priacanhtus cruentatus, Lacep ... 147

,, arenatus, C. and V. ... ... ... ... 148

Ambassis natalensis, n. sp.

Apogon natalensis, n. sp. ... ... ... 149

Kuhlia teeniura, C. and V. ... ... ... ... ... 149

Therapon jarbua, Forsk. ... ... ... ... 150

Pristipoma bennettii, Lowe ... ... 151

hasta, Bl 152

,, opereulare, Playfair ... ... ... ... 152

,, striatum, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 153

,, tseniophorus, Began ... ... ... ... 153

,, multimaculatum, Playfair ... ... ... ... ... ... 154

Diagramrna crassispinum, Btipp ... ... ... 154

,, durbanense, n. sp. ... ... 155

Dentex miles, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 155

,, natalensis, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 156

,, praeorbitalis, Gunth. ... ... ... ... ... 157

Gerres longirostris, Giinth. ... ... ... ... ... ... 158

Dinoperca queketti, Blgr. ... ... 158

FAMILY SQUAMIPINNES.

Chsetodon setifer, Bloch 159

Heniochus macrolepidotus, L. ... ... ... 160

Holacanthus rhomboides, n. sp. ... ... 161

Drepane punctata, L. ... ... ... ... ... 162

Scorpis lithophilus, n. sp. ... ... 162

FAMILY MULLID.E.

Upeneoides vittatus, Forsk 163

Upeneus queketti, n. sp. ... 163

,, indicus, Shaw ... ... ... ... ... - 164

List of Species Described. 205
FAMILY SPARID.E.

PAGE

Crenidens forskalii, C. and V. 164

Box salpa, L. ... ... ... ... ... 1*55

Dipterodon capensis, C. and V. ... ... 1*55

Cantharus seneus, n. sp. 16*5

,, natalensis, n. sp. ... ... 1*57

Sai-gus cervinus, Lowe. ... 1*57

Lethrinus scoparius, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 1*58

Pagrus nigripinnis, Blgr. ... ... ... ... 169

Chrysophrys robinsoni, n. sp ... ... ... ... ... 170

,, estuarius, n. sp ... 170

,, natalensis, Cast ... 171

,, anglicus, n. sp. ... ... ... 172

,, dentatus, n. sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 173

,, puniceus, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 173

Cyphosus fuscus, Lacep. ... ... ... ... 174

FAMILY CIKRHITID^.

Cirrhitichthys maculatus, Lacep ... ... 174

FAMILY SCOBP.ENID^.

Pterois miles, Benn. ... ... ... ... 175

Apistus faurei, n. sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 176

Minous superciliosus, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 177

FAMILY KUETID^E.

Pempheris molucca, C. and V. 178

FAMILY POLYNEMID.E.

Polynernus sextarius, Bl. ... ... ... 179

,, taeniatus, Gunth. ... ... ... ... ... ... 179

FAMILY SCLENID.E.

Uinbiina striata, n. sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... 181

,, dussumieri, C. and V. ... 181

,, sinuata, Day. ... ,.. 182

,, robinsoni, n. sp ... 182

Scisena parva, n. sp 183

Otolithus ruber, Schneid. ... ... 184

FAMILY ACANTHUBID.E.

Acanthurus triostegus, L. ... 184

,, matoides, C. and V. ... ... 185

FAMILY CARANGID.E.

Chorinemus sancti-petri, C. and V. ... ... 186

Trachyuotus oblongus, C. and V. ... ... 187

,, ovatus, L. ... ... ... ... ... 187

Platax teira, Forsk 188

Equula edentula, Bl 188

Gazza sequulssformis, Biipp. ... ... ... ... ... ... 189

206 List of Species Described.

FAMILY SCOMBBID^E.

PAGE

Scomber brachysoma, Bleek ... ... ... ... ... 190

FAMILY URANOSCOPHXE.
Uranoscopus occidentalis, Agass. ... 190

FAMILY TBACHINID^E.

Percis nebulosa, C. and V. ... ... ... ... 191

Sillago sihama, Forsk ... ... ... ... 192

,, chondropus, Bleek. ... ... 193

FAMILY COTTID.E.

Platycephalus scaber, Gunth 193

,, insidiator, Forsk. ... ... ... ... ... 194

FAMILY SPHYE.ENID^.
Sphyrsena jello, C. and V. ... ... ... ... ... ... 195

FAMILY GLYPHIDODONTID^E.

Glyphidodon ccelestinus, Soland ... 196

,, sordidus, Forsk. ... ... 196

FAMILY LABRID^E.

Cossyphus nigromaculatus, n. sp. ... ... 197

Julis umbrostigma, Riipp 198

,, lunaris, L ... ... ... 198

trilobata, Lacep. ... ... ... ... ... 199

Cheilio inermis, Forsk. ... ... 199

FAMILY GONOBHYNCHID^.
Gonorhynehus greyi, Richards 200

FAMILY SCOMBRESOCID.E.
Tylosurus choram, Forsk ... ... ... '200

FAMILY CLUPEID^.

Engraulis vitrirostris, n. sp. ... ... ... ... 201

Pellona natalensis, n. sp 202

FAMILY CHIEOCENTRID^.
Chirocentrus dorab, Forsk 202

(207)

4. On Two New Species of Ptychodera (P. proliferans and P.
natalensis). By J. D. F. GILCHEIST, M.A., D.Sc., PH.D.

In addition to the species of Ptychodera (P. capensis) already
recorded at the Cape, another is found in fair abundance in the
same localities, often under the same stones, but usually nearer
high-water mark. Sometimes only a single specimen was found,
at other times several on one occasion as many as twenty were
found under a stone about a foot in diameter. It was noted that
among adult forms there were often several much smaller and imma-
ture individuals, and on several occasions when a single full-grown
specimen was found, two to six small ones occurred within a few
inches of it. These small forms did not vary much in diameter
or length, but the proboscis and collar were at all stages of develop-
ment, some being entirely without those organs, others with small
proboscis and collar incomplete dorsally, and others with all parts
of the body complete. There was thus apparently a process of
natural fragmentation or proliferation from the tail region in this
species. Only on one occasion was the breaking up so characteristic
of many other forms observed, and that in the case of an abnormally
long specimen, the posterior extremity of which was observed to
break off. That this is a normal process of multiplication in this
form is further indicated by certain anatomical features noted below.
The specific name proliferans refers to this characteristic.

After finding these species at the Cape, I took occasion on a
recent visit to Natal to search for specimens on the East Coast.
The coast-line at several points was examined, and it was only when
looking for other animals in the lagoon at Durban that unexpectedly
a fine species of a Balanoglossus was found, which was quite
obviously distinct from the Cape species and seems to belong to a
species not yet described. A fragment only was found at first, but
with the aid of some men, and after prolonged digging, a complete
specimen was procured. The animal is so long that it is difficult to
secure an unbroken specimen, and in addition to this it breaks up
readily, unlike the two Cape species, even with careful handling,
one piece breaking up when merely placed in a surface pool of rather
warm water. The animal was very sluggish when alive, and occu-

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

pied a tube or burrow, the sides of which were lined with mucus
and were of a different colour from that of the surrounding mud.

It belongs to the larger forms, being about 3 feet in length, as
near as could be judged, in the expanded condition, and 18 inches
when preserved. The colour, as noted below, was in marked
contrast to the bright and conspicuous yellow of the Cape species,
and it had a peculiar odour entirely absent in the latter.

The following is a description of the external features of these two
new species, with a few notes on their more important anatomical
features.

PTYCHODERA PROLIFERANS, n. sp.

Proboscis. In a specimen of an average size (88 mm.), the
proboscis was about 4 mm. in length and 3 in breadth, of a
bright lemon yellow colour with a tinge of red.

Collar. Of about the same length as the proboscis, with a distinct
posterior furrow, but otherwise quite smooth ; it was of a uniform
yellow colour.

Branchio-genital region. About 20 mm. in length ; the genital
pleurae are in contact at the collar, and also meet over the gill
region. The gonads are of a bright lemon-yellow, and appear to be
continued on to the end of the tail, so that in extreme expansion the
animal, posterior to the collar, appears as two bright yellow bands,
between which the faintly coloured alimentary canal appears.

Hepatic region. No hepatic cceca are visible externally.

Caudal region. About 60 mm. in length and somewhat flattened
dorso-ventrally. The dorsal nerve chord had no furrow, nor were
there any furrows or streaks on either side, though the ventral nerve
chord was situated in a distinct groove extending from the collar to
the end of the tail. The glandular patches which in most species
form rings round this part of the body were indistinct, and often ran
longitudinally. The most marked external feature of the animal was,
as above mentioned, the extension of the yellow colour of the gonads
into the tail region on each side, sometimes slightly interrupted on
one side or the other, but usually continuous.

A more detailed examination of a specimen showed that there was
one proboscis pore, four nerve roots followed by the septum, gullet
divided, no long " notochord," pericardium simple, and synapticula
present.

Section of the tail region showed on each side a mass of small
spheres or globules readily stained with eosin. These were quite
similar to the masses of a similar nature which form part of the

Two New Species of Pti/chodera. 209

gonads in the anterior region. No ova or spermatozoa, however, were
found in the tail region as in the genital pleurae. These globules
have been found in the gonads of other species, and have been
supposed to be nutrient matter for the developing ova. Their
occurrence in the tail region, which is so often divided off in this
species to form new individuals, naturally suggests that their
function here is the sustenance of this proliferated part while
regeneration of collar and proboscis is going on.

PTYCHODERA NATALENSIS, n. sp.

Proboscis. This organ is relatively short, and was not observed
to vary much in the living animal. It was about 11 mm. in length
from the anterior margin of the collar, dome shaped, and well sunk
in the collar in the living animal. When treated with chloral hydrate
and subsequently a weak solution of chromic acid, the collar region
became contracted, exposing the proboscis to its neck : from this
point to the distal end it measured in the preserved condition 9'5 mm.
The breadth of the proboscis was in the living condition 9 mm., pre-
served 8 mm. The colour of the proboscis was markedly whitish as
compared with the remainder of the body, there being only a some-
what faint tinge of yellow.

CoUttr. In the living condition this organ measured 6 mm. in
length and 8'5 mm. in breadth. It was, like the proboscis, quite
smooth, showing no longitudinal striping, but with a distinct annu-
lar groove round its postei'ior border. In colour it was of a distinct
though rather dull yellow. When preserved this part of the body
underwent greater change than any other, its dimensions being
altered to 4 mm. in length (on the dorsal side), 6 mm. in breadth
anteriorly, and 9 mm. in breadth posteriorly, the anterior end thus
having contracted considerably ; longitudinal furrows appeared, and
the posterior furrow was still evident. This shrinking of the collar
exposed the base of the proboscis, whose point of attachment seemed
very slight and easily damaged (cf. condition of some large species
without proboscis noted by Spengel). The longitudinal contraction
of the collar was greater on the ventral side, where it measured 3 mm.,
so that the proboscis, collar, and anterior part of the body were bent
somewhat ventrally.

Brancliio-ycnital region. This is of great length. It was broken
up, in digging for the specimen, into four pieces. The largest piece
(with proboscis and collar attached) was, in the preserved condition,
90 mm., the others 56, 42, and 16 respectively, so that the total
length of this region was a little over 2(JO mm. The most striking

14

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

feature of this region is the great development of the genital pleurae.
In the undisturbed living animal their free edges overlapped each
other to a considerable extent, especially in the region behind the
gills ; they adhered rather firmly at their edges, and formed a long
tubular structure. At their point of attachment to the collar their
edges were closely appressed, but did not overlap.

Just behind the collar the body was slightly greater in diameter
than the collar, both in the living (11 mm.) and in the preserved
state (10 mm.) This became somewhat less posteriorly in the folded
condition. When spread out, the genital pleurae at the gill region
measured about 11 mm. from the edge of the one to the edge of the
other ; behind the gill region it was about 15 mm. throughout, this
being about the breadth of the remaining three pieces of this region.
The pleurae end abruptly.

The glandular stripes of epithelium on the outside of this region
and the colour here are worthy of notice. The former were very dis-
tinct, being half a millimetre in breadth anteriorly and often forming
continuous bands from the mid-ventral line to the edges of the genital
pleurae. In a distinct furrow lay the nerve chord, appearing as a
slightly elevated ridge about -3 mm. in diameter, and with transverse
stripes corresponding to the glandular ridges on each side.

The same general disposition of parts was seen on the second
fragment, but towards the middle a differentiation began to appear,
viz., the transverse lines became more irregular and discontinuous
towards the margin of the pleurae, while retaining their regularity in
the immediate neighbourhood of the ventral nerve chord. Towards
the posterior these regions became partly marked off from each other
by a longitudinal furrow on each side, commencing first on the right
side. In the third and fourth fragment this was more marked, and
took the form of two rather deep furrows, one on each side, at a
distance of about 2 mm. from the mid-ventral line, so as to give an
appearance of a second but very small pair of pleurae (cf. Schizo-
cardium). The epithelium of these folds had very regular transverse
stripes of glandular patches, which sometimes were continued over
the nerve chord (which appeared here as a ridge with no groove) to
those on the other side, sometimes ended abruptly at the nerve,
alternating in position with them. The area between the folds thus
formed a longitudinal band about 4 mm. in breadth, distinctly
marked off from the area on each side (each about 6 mm. in breadth).
This ventral band appeared on the third and smallest fragment,
which also included pai't of the hepatic region, but was not continued
further backwards.

Tico Xeiv Species of Ptyckodera. 211

On the inner sides of the genital pleurae, the genital groove could
be traced throughout their whole length.

The gills region in the preserved condition is 45 mm. in length, of
an almost uniform breadth of 4 mm. measured between the points
where it joins the genital pleurae ; it contracts abruptly at its posterior
end. The gill openings lie at the base of the genital pleurae, and
are dorso-lateral in relation to the alimentary tract.

The glands were of a bright orange-yellow on the inside of the
pleurae, the outside of which was darker, while the ventral side of
the body in this region was characterised by a decided dark-brown
colour.

Hepatic region. A few hepatic coeca occur in a small part of the
pleural region about half a dozen on each side of the middle line,
and arranged in single rows about 6 mm. in length. The anterior of
these were small and not very distinct ; the posterior were well
developed.

The fourth fragment was 42 mm. in length, and was covered with
the hepatic coeca, at first in a single row on each side and hardly
compressed, becoming towards the centre larger, crowded together,
and arranged in an irregular mass. The glandular corrugations of
the skin of the ventral side of the body in this region were regular,
and where the cceca were most developed had small swollen endings
usually connected to them by a thin strand of epithelium, but some-
times quite separated from them, so that there appeared to be a
groove along this part of the body. This groove did not appear to
be continuous with the longitudinal grooves on the ventral surface
of the genital region. The line of small swollen patches may be
regarded as the representatives of the genital pleurae in this region.
The greatest vertical diameter of this region in the preserved speci-
men was a little over 4 mm. and slightly greater than the horizontal
diameter.

A fifth fragment, about 12 mm. in length, also belonged to the
hepatic region.

The hepatic cceca were of a dark brown or reddish colour, and
the ventral side of the body in this region was of a dark colour.

Caudal region. This is represented by two pieces 25 and
34 mm. in length respectively. When procured they were filled
with mud, in which no sand-grains were perceived, and they measured
in this condition about 4 mm. in diameter. As in many other species,
this region is characteristic. The glandular patches of the epithelium
occur here in comparatively broad rings of a dark brown colour, so
as to give the tail region a marked annulated appearance. These end

212 Annals of the South African Museum.

abruptly on the ventral side at the ventral nerve chord, but on the
dorsal side they are bent slightly forward at their ends as they
approach the dorsal nerve chord, and more anteriorly they become
broken up into isolated brown patches in the dorsal region of the
body. These pigmented annular markings are still visible in the
preserved condition of the specimen.

Synapticula are present in the gill bars ; the gullet is not divided.
There appears to be one nerve root only. The region of the
proboscis pore was somewhat damaged.

( 213 )

5. Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Xdtal (Part II.). By
J. I). F. GILCHRIST, M.A., D.Sc., PH.D., and W. WAKDLAW
THOMPSON, F.Z.S.

THE following is a further contribution to the description of a
collection of fishes from Natal. As in Part I., the older classification
and some of the older names are retained for local convenience and
easy comparison with such readily accessible works of reference as
Day's "Fishes of India."

FAMILY PEKCID/E.

LUTIANUS JOHNII, Bl.

Teeth, curved canines on prernaxillaries, an outer row of canines
on each jaw, a chevron-shaped patch of small villiform teeth on
vomer, a narrow band on palatines, an elongated triangular patch
on tongue. Depth of body 2f times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 3 times. Snout 1 times diameter of eye, which
equals interorbital width and is 3^ times in length of head. Depth
of preorbital equals f diameter of eye ; maxillary reaches to vertical
of middle of orbits ; vertical limb of preoperculum finely serrated,
more coarsely so at angle, which is rounded and slightly produced,
lower limb with a few coarse serrations.

Dorsal x 13 ; spines moderately strong, 3rd and 4th about equal
and nearly f length of head, succeeding spines decrease to the last,
which is slightly more than i length of the 4th ; soft portion of fin
rounded, the longest rays about height of longest spine and ^ the
length of base of soft portion. Pectorals falcate, nearly as long as
head. Ventrals nearly f length of head. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine
strongest, about same length as 3rd and nearly f height of longest
spine of dorsal ; longest rays slightly higher than longest spine of
dorsal and ^ higher than soft dorsal. Caudal slightly forked, rays
divided, a little more than i length of head. Scales cycloid, ex-

15

214 Annals of the South- African Museum.

tending over opercles and inter- and pre-opercles Lat. 1. 48,

lat - tr - wtns-

Colour (of preserved specimens), brown above, light-coloured
below, with a dark blotch on lateral line below origin of soft
dorsal.

Two specimens, 65 mm. and 178 mm. in length respectively, from
Mr. Eomer Robinson, Natal.

KUHLIA RUPESTRIS, Lacep.

Depth of body a little more than 2^ times in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 3 times. Snout slightly less than diameter of
eye, which equals interorbital width and is 3i times in length of
head. Cleft of mouth oblique, lower jaw projects beyond upper ;
maxillary reaches to vertical of middle of orbits, the width of its
distal extremity equals -f diameter of eye; top of head rugose, cheeks
and opercles with large ciliated scales ; lower border of preorbital
finely serrated ; preoperculum very finely denticulate ; 2 strong
opercular spines, the lower most developed ; 17 gill-rakers on lower
part of anterior arch.

Dorsal x 11 ; originating behind axilla and above origin of ventrals ;
4th spine longest, a little more than -| length of head, succeeding
spines decrease in length to 10th, which is i height of longest, last
spine much longer than penultimate and nearly as high as 3rd ;
anterior soft rays li times height of longest spine, shortening
posteriorly to i that height. Pectorals i length of head. Ventrals
slightly longer than pectorals and reaching to anus. Anal iii 10,
longer than its distance from caudal ; 3rd spine longest, about same
height as last spine of dorsal and about f height of longest soft rays.
Caudal emarginate, nearly as long as head, middle rays about | length
of outer, lobes obtusely pointed. Scales comparatively large, feebly
ctenoid. Sc. 44,";,.

Colour (of preserved specimen), dark brown above, lighter below,
where each scale has a dark spot at its base ; anal with black
spots.

One specimen, 173 mm. in length, from Mr. Rorner Robinson,
Natal ; taken in tidal waters in Umbilo River, Durban.

ErixEPHELUs soNNEPvATi, C. and V.

(Scarlet Rock-cod.)

Teeth in rather broad bands, in 3 series on sides of mandibles ;
canines moderate. Depth of body a little greater than length of

Descriptions of Fislies from tlic Coast of Natal. 215

head and 2^ to 25- times in total length excluding caudal. Snout
twice diameter of eye, which is 6f to 7 times in length of -head and
equals the interorbital width. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper;
maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior border of eye, the width of
its distal extremity equals or slightly exceeds diameter of eye ;
preoperculurn feebly serrated, slightly emarginate above angle,
which is rounded ; middle opercular spine nearer lower than upper,
lower scarcely further back than upper, opercular flap obtusely
pointed ; head and part of maxillary covered with cycloid scales ;
gill-rakers 12 and 5 rudiments on lower part of anterior arch, the
longest about as long as gill-fringes.

Dorsal ix 15 ; originating slightly behind base of pectorals, spines
strong ; 3rd spine longer than 1st or 2nd, about same height as
succeeding spines, J to ^ length of head and considerably shorter
than posterior rays, the longest of which is to ^ length of head.
Pectorals f to length of head. Ventrals scarcely shorter than
pectorals and reaching to about the anus. Anal iii 9 ; 3rd spine
slightly longer than 2nd, a little higher than longest spine of dorsal
and f height of longest soft rays ; both soft dorsal and anal are
rounded. Caudal rounded, f to f length of head. Scales on body
strongly ciliated, those on belly cycloid. Sc. 110-115 -]-?- ; lat. 1. 68.

Colour when fresh, scarlet, paired and unpaired fins edged with
black ; becomes whitish or grey in preservative with a trace of black
edges to fins. No network of colour on the head (described and
figured by some authors) was observed.

Two specimens, one 270 mm. in length from Durban Museum, the
other 303 mm. in length from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal.

EPINEPHELUS MINIATUS, Forsk.
(Red Spotted Eock-cod.)

Teeth, 2 or 3 series on the sides of the mandibles ; canines
moderate. Depth of body about 3 times in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 2f to 2J times. Snout about If times
diameter of eye, which is small, equals or is slightly less than
interorbital width and 5f to nearly 6 tiroes in length of head ; lower
jaw projects beyond upper, chin prominent ; maxillary reaches
to below posterior third of eye, width of its distal extremity about
equals diameter of eye ; preoperculuui finely serrated on lower half
of vertical border, the seme scarcely enlarged at the angle, which is
rounded ; middle opercular spine nearer lower than upper, opercular
flap obtusely pointed, the upper border strongly curved; head covered

216 Annals of the South African Museum.

with cycloid scales, snout and maxillary partially scaled, the scales
on maxillary being ^ the length of those on cheek.

Dorsal ix 15-16 ; originating above base of pectorals ; spines
strong, increasing in length to 3rd, which is fV length of head and
considerably shorter than posterior soft rays, which are about f
length of head. Pectorals T 7 Q- to length of head. Ventrals i to
f length of head. Anal iii 9 ; 2nd and 3rd spines about equal,
slightly longer than longest dorsal spine ; soft rays longer than
those of soft dorsal and a little more than -| length of head.
Caudal rounded, middle rays longest, length of head. Scales 100^-J}
(circa), lat. 1. 50 (circa) ; scales of posterior half of body ciliated.

Colour (when fresh), very brilliant. The ground colour is orange
with numerous blue spots on head, body, and fins ; pectorals are
golden at extremity, shading into orange at base, where there are
two blue spots ; dorsal scarlet and spotted at upper edge ; caudal
closely spotted ; ventrals crimson with upper edge blue, dark orange
spotted and edged below with blue. In the preserved state the spots
only remain and are of a dark brown colour.

Two specimens, 230 mm. and 200 mm. in length respectively,
from Mr. Homer Kobinson, Natal, who kindly supplies a note of the
colour.

EPINEPHELUS ALBOMABGINATUS, Blgr.

Teeth, in narrow bands, in 2 series on sides of mandibles; canines
strong. Depth of body equals length of head and about 3 times in
total length excluding caudal. Snout as long as diameter of eye,
which is 4 times in length of head ; interorbital width 5 times in
length of head; lower jaw projecting beyond upper; maxillary
reaches vertical of posterior border of eye, width of its distal
extremity 5 diameter of eye ; preoperculum finely serrated, emarginate
above angle, which is rounded and has 3 or 4 enlarged seme; middle
opercular spine slightly nearer lower than upper, lower spine further
back than upper, opercular flap pointed; head nearly entirely
covered with cycloid scales, maxillary naked. Gill-rakers 13 to
15 on lower part of anterior arch, the longest as long as the
gill-fringes.

Dorsal xi 14 ; originating above base of pectorals ; 3rd to 5th
spines longest, about ^ length of head, shorter than soft rays.
Pectorals f length of head, scarcely longer than ventrals. Anal
iii 8 ; 3rd spine longest, f length of head ; longest soft rays about
JT length of head. Caudal rounded, subtruncate, ^- length of head.
Scales ciliated, 112 (circa); lat. 1. 63.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 217

Colour (of preserved specimen), brown, covered with numerous
small round blackish spots ; belly lighter, without spots ; pectorals
light brown ; dorsal, anal and caudal edged with white, with very
faint black spots.

One specimen, 211 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

Another specimen (320 mm. in length) agrees very closely with
Boulenger's description of this species ; it was procured by the
ss. Pieter Faure in the large trawl, 50 fms. sand and mud, Tugela
River mouth N. 19f miles, and seems to belong to the same species.
It differs slightly in that the eye is comparatively smaller, the
opercular spines are about equidistant, the ventrals are much
shorter than the pectorals (being 54 mm. and 73 mm. respectively),
and the length of the head is decidedly greater than the depth of the
body ; the colouring is the same.

EPINEPHELUS MOBRHUA, C. and V.

Teeth, in narrow bands, in 2 series on the sides of the mandibles ;
canines moderately strong. Depth of body 3 to 3-| times in total
length excluding caudal, length of head 2f to 2f times. Snout 1^ to
1^- times diameter of eye, which is 4J times in length of head ; inter-
orbital width 5f to 5| times in length of head ; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper ; maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior border of
eye, the width of its distal extremity J- to T % diameter of eye ; pre-
operculum serrated, slightly emarginate above angle, which is
slightly produced and armed with 3 or 4 strong spines ; middle
opercular spine nearer lower than upper, lower much further back
than upper, opercular flap pointed ; head nearly entirely covered
with cycloid scales, maxillary naked ; gill-rakers 15 to 16 on lower
part of anterior arch, the longest as long as the gill-fringes.

Dorsal xi 14 ; originates above base of pectorals ; 3rd and 4th
spines longest and about ^ length of head ; last spine J to ^ length
of head ; longest soft rays a little longer than longest spine. Pec-
torals f to f length of head. Ventrals ^ length of head, not reaching
anus. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd and 3rd spines about equal in length, J to
^ length of head and ^ height of longest soft rays. Caudal trun-
cate, ^ to i length of head. Scales on body ciliated. Lat. 1. 68-78,
sc. 110-11214.

Colour (of preserved specimens), greyish brown, soft dorsal and
caudal with dark spots in one or more rows.

Two specimens, 367 mm. and 276 mm. in length respectively, pro-
cured by ss. Pieter Faure in large trawl, 46-55 fms., mud, Tugela
Eiver mouth, N. by W. 18 miles.

218 Annals of the South African Museum.

EPINEPHELUS MODESTUS, n. sp.

Teeth, in narrow bands, in 2 series on sides of mandibles ; canines
small. Depth of body 2i times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 2f times. Snout If times diameter of eye, which
equals interorbital width and is 5 times in length of head ; posterior
nostril large ; lower jaw projecting beyond upper ; maxillary reaches
to vertical of posterior margin of eye, the width of its distal extremity
is a little more than f diameter of eye ; vertical limb of preoperculum
serrated, the serrae being coarser at angle and the lower pointing
downwards ; middle opercular spine slightly nearer lower than
upper, the lower feeble and not so far back as upper ; opercular flap
pointed, upper border somewhat convex ; head nearly entirely
covered with cycloid scales, a band of small scales on maxillary.
(Gill-rakers not present in specimen.)

Dorsal xi 14 ; originating a little in advance of base of pectorals ;
3rd spine longest, about f length of head and as long as longest soft
rays, last spine T ? ff length of head. Pectorals f length of head.
Ventrals ^ length of head, nearly reaching to anus. Anal iii 9 ;
2nd spine a little shorter than 3rd, length of head and a little
more than -i- length of longest soft rays. Caudal truncate, nearly f
length of head. Scales on body ciliated. Sc. 118^-|, lat. 1. 68.

Colour (of preserved and fresh specimen), greyish brown, darker
above.

One specimen, 281 mm. in length, from the Durban market.

It is near E. niveatus, from which, however, it is apparently
different.

EPINEPHELUS ANDEBSONI, Blgr.

Teeth, in 2 series on sides of mandibles; canines feeble. Depth of
body 3J to about 4 times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 3 times. Snout 1J to 1^ times diameter of eye, which is 5^ to
6 times in length of head, and equals or slightly exceeds interorbital
width ; lower jaw projects beyond upper, maxillary reaches beyond
vertical of posterior margin of eye, the width of its distal extremity
f to f diameter of eye ; preopercular border serrated, the serrae at
angle enlarged ; lower opercular spine nearer median and further
back than upper, opercular flap pointed ; head nearly covered with
cycloid scales, maxillary naked ; gill-rakers moderate, 16 on lower
part of anterior arch.

Dorsal xi 15 ; originates above base of pectorals ; 3rd to 6th spines
longest and about ^ length of head, last spine ^ to -- length of head ;

Descriptions of FisJics from tlic Coast of Natal. 219

longest soft rays about i length of head. Pectorals 5- to -f length of
head. Ventrals f to -J- length of head. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine a little
shorter than 3rd, which is J to fV length of head; longest soft rays
| to i length of head. Caudal rounded, f to T % length of head.
Scales on body feebly ciliated. Lat. 1. 82 (circa), sc. 105 (circa)

Colour (of preserved specimens), the two largest greyish brown,
the smaller ones dark brown ; with large round black spots in five
or six longitudinal rows on each side, two oblique dark streaks from
eye to opercle on each side of head (the smaller specimens have a
third dark streak from above angle of mouth to opercle), dorsal and
caudal fins with round dark spots.

Four specimens, two of 3G7 mm. and 395 mm. in length respec-
tively, procured by ss. Pietcr Fa lire in large trawl, 46-55 fins., mud,
Tugela Eiver mouth, N. by W. 18 miles ; one specimen, 188 rnm. in
length, caught in the Inner Harbour, Durban ; and one, 153 mm. in
length, from Mr. Eorner Eobinson, Natal.

All the specimens agree closely with Boulenger's description of
E. andersoni, but are deeper in the body, especially the two smaller
ones (the body contents, including gill-arches, had been removed in
the type). The colouring of the small specimens differs somewhat
from that of the larger ones.

L o v

EPINEPHELUS LANCEOLATUS, Bl.

Teeth, in broad bands on both jaws ; canines small. Depth of
body 3 times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 2f
times. Snout very short, 4^ times in length of head and twice the
diameter of the eye, which is small and 9 times in length of head ;
interorbital width 4 T V times in length of head ; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper ; maxillary reaches to much beyond vertical of
posterior margin of eye, the width of its distal extremity equals
11 times diameter of eye ; preoperculuni rounded, finely serrated,
the serrse somewhat enlarged at the angle ; middle opercular spine
nearer lower than upper, lower not further back than upper,
opercular flap obtusely pointed, its upper border strongly convex ;
head entirely covered with cycloid scales, maxillary naked; gill-
rakers moderate, 14 on lower part of anterior arch.

Dorsal xi 15 ; originating above base of pectorals ; spines increasing
in height to 3rd, which is i length of head, posterior gradually
lengthening to the last, which is J length of head and height of
longest soft ray. Pectorals a little more than i length of head.
Ventrals over |- length of head, spine strong and half the length of

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

the adjoining ray. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine shorter than 3rd, which is
nearly as long as last spine of dorsal and % height of longest anal
rays. Caudal rounded, a little more than % length of head. Scales
105 -\\' it mostly feebly ciliated, with rows of minute scales at their
base.

Colour (of preserved specimen) brown with three or four irregular
dark transverse bands ; body reticulated with dark brown in places ;
fins covered with irregular brown spots disposed in irregular rows.

One specimen, 357 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

(?) EPINEPHELUS MELAS (Peters).

Teeth, in 3 or 4 series on sides of mandibles ; canines moderate.
Depth of body equals length of head and slightly over 3 times in
total length excluding caudal. Snout a little longer than diameter
of eye, which is about 5f times in length of head ; interorbital width
6 times in length of head; lower jaw projecting beyond upper;
maxillary extends about i diameter of eye beyond vertical of posterior
margin of orbit, the width of its distal extremity equals ;f diameter
of eye ; preopercular border rounded, finely serrated behind, serrae
enlarged at angle ; opercular spines about equidistant, lower further
back than upper, opercular flap obtusely pointed and upper margin
slightly rounded; head covered with cycloid scales, maxillary
covered with minute scales ; gill-rakers moderate, 16 on lower part
of anterior arch.

Dorsal xi 15 ; originates above base of pectorals ; spines increasing
in length to 4th which is ^ length of head, a little longer than last
spine and a little shorter than longest soft rays. Pectorals f length
of head. Ventrals about i length of head, not reaching anus. Anal
iii 8 ; 2nd spine as long as 3rd, ^ length of head and f height of
longest soft rays. Caudal sub-truncate, slightly rounded, nearly
length of head. Scales cycloid, 981-}, i a t. 1. 68 ('?).

Colour (of preserved specimen) very dark brown, almost black,
with faint large round dark spots.

One specimen, 278 mm. in length, from Mr. Bonier Kobinson,
Natal.

EPINEPHELUS TAUVINA, Forsk.

Teeth, in 3 series on sides of mandibles ; canines small. Depth of
body about 3 to 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of
head 2f to nearly 3 times. Snout 1^ to 1 times diameter of eye,
which is 5^- to 6i times in length of head ; interorbital width 5 to 6
times in length of head; lower jaw projecting beyond upper;

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 221

maxillary reaches to vertical of posterior third or in the larger
specimens to beyond posterior margin of eye, the width of its distal
extremity f to nearly 1 diameter of eye ; vertical limb of pre-
operculum slightly curved, serrated, and with slightly enlarged
serrae at the angle ; opercular spines nearly equidistant, the lower
further back than upper, opercular flap pointed. Head almost
entirely covered with cycloid scales ; gill-rakers moderately elongate,
9 to 10 and 7 or 8 rudimentary on lower part of anterior arch.

Dorsal xi 15 ; originating above base of pectorals ; spines
increasing in length to 3rd or 4th, which is about ^ length of head
and f to f height of longest soft rays. Pectorals about f length of
head. Ventrals about i length of head, not reaching anus. Anal
iii 8 ; 2nd spine a little shorter than 3rd, which is about the height
of longest spine of dorsal and f to i the height of longest anal rays.
Caudal rounded, about f length of head. Scales on body ctenoid,
108-11213, lat, 1. 62-68.

Colour (of preserved specimens) brown with darker spots, and
with 5 or 6 irregular brownish bands across body.

Three specimens, two 172 mm. and 215 mm. in length respec-
tively from Mr. Eomer Eobinson, Natal; the other, 269 mm. in
length, from Durban Museum.

EPINEPHELUS MERRA, Bl.

Teeth, in 3 series on sides of mandibles ; canines small. Depth of
body 3^ times in total length excluding caudal, length of head 3
times. Snout 1^ times diameter of eye, which is 6 times in length
of head ; interorbital width 5^- times in length of head ; lower jaw
strongly projecting beyond upper ; maxillary reaching to slightly
beyond the vertical of posterior margin of eye, the width of its
distal extremity equals -i the diameter of the eye ; preopercular
border rounded, finely serrated behind, serras enlarged at the angle ;
middle opercular spine slightly nearer upper than lower, lower not
further back than upper, opercular flap pointed ; head and maxillary
covered with cycloid scales ; gill-rakers short, 15 on lower part of
anterior arch.

Dorsal xi 15 ; originates behind base of pectorals ; spines strong,
increasing in length to 4th or 5th which are -j% length of head, about
same length as last spine and -i height of longest soft rays. Pectorals
'i length of head. Ventrals a little more than ^ length of head,
reaching about half-way to anus. Anal iii 9 ; 2nd spine as long as
3rd, which is a little more than J length of and about f height of

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

longest soft rays. Caudal truncate, nearly f length of head. Scales
on body slightly ciliated. Sc. 115 (circa), lat. tr. -*-g.

Colour (of preserved specimen) brown ; head and body covered
with large, closely set dark brown spots separated by a honey-
combed network of light lines ; fins covered with dark brown spots
arranged more or less in rows.

One specimen, 400 mm. in length, from Durban Museum.

EPINEPHELUS GRAMMATOPHORUS, Blgr.

Teeth, in narrow bands, in 2 series on sides of mandibles; canines
strong. Depth of body 3 times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 2f to 2f times. Snout a little longer than diameter
of eye, which is 4^ to 4f times in length of head ; interorbital width
about f diameter of eye ; lower jaw projects beyond upper ; maxillary
reaches to vertical of posterior margin of orbits, the width of its
distal extremity is about f diameter of eye ; vertical limb of pre-
operculurn strongly serrated and slightly emarginate above the
angle, seme at angle slightly enlarged ; opercular spines about equi-
distant, lower much further back than upper, opercular flap pointed.
Gill-rakers 15 on lower part of anterior arch, nearly as long as
gill-fringes ; head nearly entirely covered with cycloid scales,
maxillary naked.

\j

Dorsal xi 16 ; originating above base of pectorals ; 3rd spine
longest, about f length of head, succeeding spines decrease in length
the last being about J length of head and a little shorter than longest
soft rays. Pectorals f length of head. Ventrals about \ length of
head. Anal iii 8 ; 2nd spine strongest, about equal to 3rd, and
f to f height of longest spine of dorsal ; soft rays slightly lower than
longest spine of dorsal. Caudal slightly rounded, \ to f length of
head. Scales ctenoid on body. Sc. 96, lat. tr. ig- (circa).

Colour (in fresh state), generally of a bright vermillion red on the
head and anterior region of the body, becoming brown towards the
tail ; three broad irregular bands of brown across body ; a large
bright red oval patch of colour at the base of the pectorals ; fins of
a dark reddish brown ; a series of irregular thin blue lines radiating
from the eye over snout, cheek, and operculum.

Colour (of preserved specimens), light brown with small brown
spots and faint dark bands across body ; head with small brown
spots, vermiculatious, and oblique lines from orbits.

Two specimens, 268 mm., 270 mm. in length respectively; the
former from Durban market, the latter from Mr. Eomer Eobinsoo,
Natal.

Descriptions of Fishes from the Coast of Natal. 223

EPINEPHELUS GIGAS, Brlinn. (juv.).

Teeth, in narrow bands, in 2 series on sides of mandibles ; canines
moderate. Depth of body 2^ to 3 times in total length excluding
caudal, length of head 2| to 2f times. Snout 1^ to If- times
diameter of eye, which is 4f to 5| times in length of head ; inter-
orbital width about 5^ to 5f times in length of head ; lower jaw
projecting beyond upper ; maxillary reaches to vertical of middle or
posterior border of eye, the width of its distal extremity f to f
diameter of eye ; vertical limb of preoperculum finely serrated,
slightly emarginate at angle which is obtusely rounded and armed
with enlarged serrse ; middle opercular spine nearer lower than
upper, lower further back than upper, opercular flap pointed ; head
covered with cycloid scales, maxillary naked ; gill-rakers moderately
elongate, 15 or 16 on lower part of anterior arch.

Dorsal xi 16 ; ori